Siida
A siida is an organisation of humans traditionally present in Sámi societies consisting of several families of reindeer herders whose reindeer graze together.[1]: 107–109 [2] Siidas traditionally encompassed more resources than reindeer,[1]: 108 but after changes in Sámi societies over the course of the 1600s, only reindeer herders still practiced this system.[3]: 68 It is termed a sameby ('Sámi village') in Swedish law, reinbeitedistrikt ('reindeer pasture district') in Norwegian law, and paliskunta ('reindeer herding district') in Finnish law. The pastoralist organisation differs slightly between countries, except in Russia, where kolkhoz replaced these earlier organisations.
Sweden
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In Sweden, membership in a siida follows "pastoralist rights" based on statute of limitations, and is limited to individuals of Sámi descent. These rights also include hunting and fishing for profit. There are thirty-three mountain siidas, ten forest siidas and eight concession siidas, divided by historical extent, summer and winter pasture usage, etc. Membership is required to practice pastoralist rights. This is required for reindeer ownership as well, except in concession siidas, where even non-members can own "serve reindeers", served by siida members who receiving concession to pasture lands in payment. This custom originates in older conventions when reindeer were used by settled local populations in daily life. The economic activity in present-day siidas is limited to profit from pastoralist rights. In addition to the geographical and economic nature of the siida, it also ties the members together culturally and socially.
Based on historic Swedification policies that distinguished between settled and nomadic Sámi, membership in Swedish siidas is essentially limited to those whose ancestors were nomads before 1886, barring the majority of Swedish Sámi from membership in a siida.
Swedish sameby
[edit]Mountain Sámi villages: Könkämä, Lainiovuoma, Saarivuoma, Talma, Gabna, Leavas, Girjas, Báste, Unna Tjerusj, Sirges, Jåkkåkaskatjiellde, Tuorpon, Luokta Mavas, Semisjaur-Njarg, Svaipa, Grans, Rans, Ubmeje tjeälddie, Vapstens, Vilhelmina norra, Vilhelmina södra, Frostvikens norra, Ohredahke, Raedtievaerie, Jiingevaerie, Jovnevaerie, Njaarke, Kall, Handölsdalens, Tåssåsens, Mittådalens, Ruvhten Sijte, and Idre
Forest Sámi villages: Vittangi, Gällivare, Serri, Udtja, Ståkke, Maskaur, Västra Kikkejaur, Östra Kikkejaur, Mausjaur, and Malå
Concession Sámi villages: Muonio, Sattajärvi, Tärendö, Korju, Pirttijärvi, Ängeså, Kalix, and Liehittäjä
Norway
[edit]In Norway, pastoralist activity requires membership in a unit (driftsenhet), corresponding to a reindeer herd. The rights to conduct pastoralism are based on statute of limitations and limited to individuals of Sámi descent.
The 2007 Reindeer Husbandry Act revised the official reindeer district system to acknowledge and incorporate traditional siida units, improving recognition of Sámi land rights and centering reindeer grazing activities on ecologically and economically sustainable resource use based on local culture and tradition.[2][4][5] Prior to the act, Norwegian authorities maintained their own definitions of reindeer herding districts, leading to piecemeal development and sales of land, disconnecting traditional pasture areas.[6]
Finland and Russia
[edit]In Finland and Russia, pastoralist activity is not limited to ethnic Sámi. In Finland, reindeer herding is also practiced by non-Sámi Finns. There are 56 paliskuntas, of which 13 in the extreme north of Lapland constitute the Sámi area. However, reindeer herding has a more prominent economic role in the local communities of the north. Siidas are governed like stock companies, where the reindeer-holders elect a board of directors and a chief executive officer (poroisäntä, 'reindeer master') every three years, voting with as many votes as they have reindeer.[7]
In Russia, Arctic peoples were forcibly relocated to kolchozes (collective communities) by the state between 1927 and 1940, including the Sámi of the Kola Peninsula.[8] The Sámi were moved to kolchozes in the pogosts of Kamensky, Iokangsky, Kildinsky, Lovozersky, and Voronensk,[9] and eventually two raion (administrative district) in Murmansk Oblast were designated as Sámi districts, Lovozersky District and Saamsky District.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Hætta Kalstad, Johan Klemet (1999). Reindriftspolitikk og samisk kultur - en uløselig konflikt? En studie av reindriftstilpasninger og moderne reindriftspolitikk [Reindeer Herding Politics and Sámi Culture - an Unsolvable Conflict? A Study on Adjustments to Reindeer Herding and Modern Reindeer Herding Politics]. Dieđut (in Norwegian Bokmål). Kautokeino: Sámi Instituhtta. ISSN 0332-7779 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ a b Korpijaakko-Mikkel, Sara (March 22, 2009). "Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge". Northern Review. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011.
- ^ Aarseth, Bjørn (1981). "Arbeidet med de minste enhetene i de indre samiske områder" [The work with the smallest units in the inner Sámi areas]. In Fladby, Rolf (ed.). Gard, sii'da og andre småsamfunn i nordnorske bygder: De minste enhetenes historie i lokalhistorien [Farm, Siida and Other Small Communities in Northern Norwegian Villages: The History of the Smalles Units in Local History]. Universitetsforlaget. pp. 65–88. ISBN 82-00-05674-0 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Reindeer Husbandry in Norway - Districts, Siida and Siida Units". International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ^ Lov om reindrift (reindriftsloven) [Reindeer Husbandry Act (LOV-2007-06-15-40)] (in Norwegian). Stortinget. 2007.
- ^ Tyler, Nicholas J.C.; Hanssen-Bauer, Inger; Førland, Eirik J.; Nellemann, Christian (2021). "The Shrinking Resource Base of Pastoralism: Saami Reindeer Husbandry in a Climate of Change". Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 4. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2020.585685. hdl:10037/20640. ISSN 2571-581X.
- ^ INARIN PALISKUNNAT – Poronhoidon organisaatio Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Konttinen, Jussi (2008). South Kola: A travel guide to the southern part of Murmansk oblast. Oulu, Finland: Rovaniemi University of Applied Sciences. p. 128. ISBN 978-952-5153-76-7. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ Mihailova, E.R. "Reprisals against the Kola Sami". Cultural almanac ASTES number 5. Archived from the original on 2011-05-01.