List of pseudonyms
Appearance
This is a list of pseudonyms, in various categories.
A pseudonym is a name adopted by a person for a particular purpose, which differs from their true name. A pseudonym may be used by social activists or politicians for political purposes or by others for religious purposes. It may be a soldier's nom de guerre or an author's nom de plume. It may be a performer's stage name or an alias used by visual artists, athletes, fashion designers, or criminals. Pseudonyms are occasionally used in fiction such as by superheroes or other fictional characters.
General list
[edit]Pseudonym | Real name | Notability | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abel Djassi | Amílcar Cabral | Guinea-Bissauan politician | ||
ABOVE | Tavar Zawacki | American abstract artist | ||
Abu Ammar | Yasser Arafat | Palestinian president | ||
Abu Obaida | (unknown) | Spokesperson of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades | ||
Acharya S | D.M. Murdock | American Christ myth theorist | ||
Adam Ant | Stuart Goddard | English Pop Musician | ||
Adi Da | Franklin Jones | American writer | ||
Al "Bummy" Davis | Abraham Davidoff | American boxer | ||
Alexander Supertramp | Christopher McCandless | American hiker | ||
Allan Kardec | Hippolyte Rivail | American religious figure | ||
Amor de Cosmos | William Smith | 2nd premier of British Columbia, Canada | ||
Anarchasis Cloots | Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce | Prussian-French noble | ||
Anthony Garotinho | Anthony Matheus de Oliveira | Brazilian broadcaster, politician, and criminal | ||
Aristides | William Lloyd Garrison | American activist and journalist | ||
Arkan | Željko Ražnatović | Serbian soldier and criminal | ||
Armin S. | (unknown) | German financier | ||
Ary Ecilaw | Alexandrine Countess von Hutten-Czapska | Polish novelist | ||
Avicii | Tim Bergling | Swedish pop artist | ||
Baby Face George Nelson | Lester Gillis | American criminal | ||
Balthus | Balthazar Klossowski de Rola | French painter | ||
Banksy | (unknown) | England-based street artist, political activist, and film director | ||
Barefoot Bandit | Colton Harris-Moore | American former fugitive | ||
Basshunter | Jonas Altberg | Swedish singer, record producer, songwriter and DJ | ||
Bernard Shakey | Neil Young | Canadian musician | ||
Bhanusimha | Rabindranath Tagore | Poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter | ||
Billy the Kid | Henry McCarty | American criminal | ||
Black Bart | Charles Bowles | English-American criminal | ||
Bob Denard | Gilbert Bourgeaud | French mercenary | ||
Bono | Paul Hewson | Lead singer, U2 | ||
Bór | Tadeusz Komorowski | Polish soldier | ||
Borelowski | Michał Grażyński | President of Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego | ||
Bramantino | Bartolomeo Suardi | Italian painter | ||
Brother Andre | André Bessette | Canadian priest and saint | ||
BTK | Dennis Rader | American serial killer | ||
Bugsy Siegel | Benjamin Siegelbaum | American criminal | ||
Butch Cassidy | Robert Parker | American criminal | ||
Cafu | Marcos Evangelista de Moraes | Brazilian footballer | ||
Caligula | Gajus Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus | Roman emperor | ||
Calvin Harris | Adam Richard Wiles | Scottish DJ and Record Producer | ||
Canaletto | Giovanni Canale | Italian painter | ||
Caravaggio | Michelangelo Merisi | Italian painter | ||
Careca | Antônio de Oliveira Filho | Brazilian footballer | ||
Carlos Danger | Anthony Weiner | United States Congressperson | ||
Carlos the Jackal | Ilich Ramírez-Sánchez | Terrorist | ||
Caroline Marbouty | Claire Brunne | French writer | ||
Cassandre | Adolphe Mouron | French painter | ||
Chad Ochocinco | Chad Johnson | American footballer | ||
Cigoli | Lodovico Cardi | Italian painter | ||
Coco Chanel | Gabrielle Chanel | Fashion designer | ||
Colonel Tom Parker | Andreas van Kuijk | Musical entrepreneur | ||
Coldmirror | Kathrin Fricke | Youtube creator | ||
DAIM | Mirko Reisser | Graffiti artist | ||
Darius Paul Dassault | Darius Paul Bloch | French general | ||
D.B. Cooper | Unknown | American criminal | aka Dan Cooper | |
Deco | Anderson Luiz de Sousa | Footballer | ||
Dick Tiger | Richard Ihetu | Nigerian boxer | ||
Dida | Nélson de Jesus Silva | Brazilian former footballer | ||
Doctor Ch@os | Joseph Konopka | American terrorist | ||
Donatello | Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi | Italian Renaissance sculptor | ||
Dosso Dossi | Giovanni di Niccolò de Luteri | Italian painter | ||
Duda | Sérgio Paulo Barbosa Valente | Portuguese footballer | ||
Dutch Schultz | Arthur Flegenheimer | American mobster | ||
El Greco | Dominikos Theotokópulos | Greek painter | ||
Elizabeth Arden | Florence Graham | Canadian-American businesswoman | ||
Emmanuel Goldstein | Eric Corley | Hacker | ||
Erté | Romain de Tirtoff | French artist and designer | ||
Estée Lauder | Josephine Mentzer | American businesswoman | ||
Francis of Assisi | Giovanni di Bernardone | Italian Catholic saint | ||
Francisco "Pancho" Villa | José Arango Arámbula | Mexican revolutionary general and politician | ||
Frank Costello | Francesco Castiglia | Italian-American mobster | ||
Frank Talk | Stephen Biko | Activist | ||
Friedensreich Hundertwasser | Friedrich Stowasser | Visual artist | ||
Garrincha | Manuel Francisco dos Santos | Brazilian footballer | ||
Garry Kasparov | Garik Weinstein | Russian chess grandmaster, political activist and writer | ||
Geki | Giacomo Russo | Italian racing driver | ||
Germain | Ernest Mandel | Belgian economist and Marxist philosopher | ||
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej | Gheorge Gheorghiu | Former General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party | ||
Gimax | Carlo Franchi | Italian racing driver | ||
Giorgione | Giorgio da Castelfranco | Italian painter | ||
Giottino | Maso di Stefano | Italian painter | ||
Grabica; Grot; Kalina | Stefan Rowecki | Polish general | ||
Gracchus Babeuf | François-Noël Babeuf | French political agitator and journalist | ||
Green River Killer | Gary Ridgway | American serial killer | ||
Grigory Zinoviev | Ovsel Radymyslsky | Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician | ||
Grzegorz | Tadeusz Pełczyński | Polish army major general | ||
Gus Hall | Arvo Halberg | Former General Secretary of Communist Party USA | ||
H. Rap Brown | Hubert Gerold Brown | Activist | ||
Halston | Roy Halston Frowick | American fashion designer | ||
Happy Face Killer | Keith Hunter Jesperson | Canadian-American serial killer | ||
He hate me | Rod Smart | American gridiron football player | ||
Hellé Nice | Mariette Hélène Delangle | French racing car driver | ||
Henri Cornet | Henri Jaudry | French cyclist | ||
Henriett Seth F. | Henrietta Fajcsák[1] | Hungarian artist and autistic savant | ||
Henry Arundel | Henry Fitzalan-Howard | British racing driver | ||
Ho Chi Minh | Nguyễn Sinh Cung | Vietnamese communist leader | ||
Houari Boumédiène | Mohamed Boukharouba | Former president of Algeria | ||
Hubal | Henryk Dobrzański | Polish army commander | ||
I-5 Killer | Randall Woodfield | American serial killer and rapist | ||
Iceman | Richard Kuklinski | American criminal | ||
Il Garofalo | Benvenuto Tisi | Italian painter | ||
Il Pordenone | Giovanni Licinio | Italian painter | ||
Il Sodoma | Giovanni Bazzi | Italian Renaissance painter | ||
Kim Il Sung | Song-ju Kim | Former leader of North Korea | ||
Ingahild Grathmer | Margrethe II of Denmark | Illustrator | She illustrated The Lord of the Rings under this pseudonym. | |
J. Krzemień | Florian Marciniak | First Chief Scout in the Gray Ranks | ||
J. Posadas | Homero Cristali | Italian-Argentine Trotskyist revolutionary | ||
J.J. Lehto | Jyrki Järvilehto | Finnish racing driver | ||
János Kádár | János Csermanek | Former leader of Hungary | ||
Jean Jérome | Michel Feintuch | French Communist Activist | ||
Jieshi Jiang | Chiang Kai-shek | Chinese politician and military leader | ||
Jil Sander | Heidemarie Jiline Sander | German fashion designer | ||
Jim McKay | James McManus | American television sports journalist | ||
Jimmy Choo | Choo Yeang Keat | Malaysian-born fashion designer | ||
Joe Louis | Joseph Louis Barrow | American boxer | ||
Joel Ash | David Padwa | Author | ||
John of God | João Teixeira de Faria | Brazilian faith healer | ||
John Winter | Louis Krages | German racing driver | ||
Johnny Dumfries | John Crichton-Stuart | British racing driver | ||
Josef Stalin | Ioseb Dzhugashvili | Former leader of the Soviet Union | ||
Joseph Estrada | Joseph Ejército | Former president of the Philippines | ||
Joseph of Cupertino | Giuseppe Desa | Italian Franciscan friar | ||
Josip Broz Tito | Josip Broz | Former leader of Yugoslavia | ||
Juice WRLD | Jarad Anthony Higgins | American rapper | ||
Kaká | Ricardo dos Santos Leite | Brazilian footballer | ||
Karl Lagerfeld | Karl Lagerfeldt | German fashion designer | ||
Kaws | Brian Donnelly | American artist and designer | ||
Khaosai Galaxy | Sura Saenkham | Thai boxer and kickboxer | ||
Kid McCoy | Norman Selby | American boxer | ||
Korczak | Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski | Polish military leader | ||
Kouji Takanohara | Kouji Hanada | Sumo Wrestler | ||
Kuba | Jakub Błaszczykowski | Polish footballer | ||
Lawina | Tadeusz Komorowski | Polish military leader | ||
La Pasionaria | Dolores Ibárruri | Former leader of the Communist Party of Spain | ||
Le Corbusier | Charles-Édouard Jeanneret | Swiss-French architect | ||
Leclerc | Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque | French general | ||
Legija | Milorad Ulemek | Serbian military commander and criminal | ||
Leon Trotsky | Lev Bronstein | Russian Marxist revolutionary | ||
Lev Kamenev | Lev Rosenfeld | Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet politician | ||
Lo Spagna | Giovanni di Petra | Italian painter | ||
Lucien Petit-Breton | Lucien Mazan | French cyclist | ||
Lucky Luciano | Salvatore Lucania | Italian-American mobster | ||
Machine Gun Kelly | George Barnes | American gangster | ||
Madeon | Hugo Pierre Leclercq | French musician | ||
Madame Fraya | Valentine Dencausse | French chiromancer | ||
Madame de Thèbes | Anne-Victorine Savigny / Matylda Průšová | French (Savigny) / Czech (Průšová) fortunetellers | ||
Mahatma Gandhi | Mohandas Gandhi | Indian independence activist | ||
Malaclypse the Younger | Gregory Hill | American writer and co-founder of Discordianism | ||
Man Ray | Emmanuel Radnitzky | American visual artist and photographer | ||
Manolo Blahnik | Manuel Blahnik Rodriguez | Spanish fashion designer | ||
Marc Chagall | Moishe Shagall | Belarusian-French artist | ||
Marc Ecko | Marc Milecofsky | American fashion designer | ||
Mark Rothko | Marcus Rothkowitz | Abstract painter | ||
Martin Thembisile Hani | Chris Hani | Anti-apartheid activist | ||
Masaccio | Tommaso Cassai | Italian Renaissance painter | ||
Masaru Wakanohara | Masaru Hanada | Japanese sumo wrestler | ||
Mata Amritanandamayi | Sudhamani | Indian Hindu spiritual leader | ||
Mata Hari | Margaretha MacLeod | Dutch courtesan and spy | ||
Max Factor Jr. | Maksymilian Faktorowicz | American businessperson | ||
Meyer Lansky | Meyer Suchowljansky | Russian-American gangster | ||
Michael Fenne | David Kim Stanley | Founder of Pixelon | ||
Míchel | José Miguel González Martín del Campo | Spaniard footballer | ||
Michel Pablo | Michel Raptis | Egyptian-Greek activist | ||
Miss Cleo | Youree Harris | American television psychic | ||
Miu Miu | Miuccia Prada | Italian fashion designer | ||
Mo Martin | Melissa Martin | American golfer | ||
Monter | Antoni Chruściel | Polish military officer | ||
Moses David | David Berg | American cultist | ||
Mother Angelica | Rita Rizzo | American nun | ||
Mother Jones | Mary Jones | Irish-American activist | ||
Mother Teresa | Agnes Bojaxhiu | Albanian nun | ||
Mr. Baldy | Brian Keith Jones | Australian criminal | ||
Mr. Death | Dennis Allen | Australian criminal | ||
Mr. Rent-a-Kill | Christopher Flannery | Australian assassin | ||
Mr. Stinky | Raymund Edmunds | Australian murderer | ||
Murph the Surf | Jack Murphy | American murderer | ||
Murray the Hump | Murray Humphreys | American criminal | ||
Mutilator | William McDonald | Serial Killer | ||
Nahuel Moreno | Hugo Bressano | Argentinian politician | ||
Nenê | Maybyner Rodney Hilário | Brazilian basketballer | ||
Niedźwiadek | Leopold Okulicki | Polish general | ||
Night Stalker | Richard Ramirez | American serial killer | ||
Nil | August Emil Fieldorf | Polish brigadier general | ||
Notch | Markus Persson | Swedish former game programmer | ||
Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst | Kerry Wendell Thornley | American author | ||
Orsza | Stanisław Broniewski | Polish economist and soldier | ||
Paco Rabanne | Francisco Rabanedo Cuervo | Basque fashion designer | ||
Padre Pio | Francesco Forgione | Italian priest and mystic | ||
Papa Doc | François Duvalier | President of Haiti | ||
Parmigianino | Girolamo Mazzola | Italian printmaker and painter | ||
Pelé | Edson Arantes do Nascimento | Brazilian footballer | ||
Phoenix Jones | Benjamin Fodor | American vigilante and martial artist | ||
Pierre Levegh | Pierre Bouillin | French auto racer | ||
Pink | Alecia Moore | American pop musician | ||
Pisanello | Antonio Pisano | Italian sculptor and painter | ||
Pol Pot | Saloth Sar | Cambodian politician and murderer | ||
Ponury | Jan Piwnik | Polish soldier | ||
Postcard Bandit | Brenden Abbott | Australian robber | ||
Prachanda | Pushpa Kamal Dahal | Former prime minister of Nepal | ||
Radosław | Jan Mazurkiewicz | Polish soldier | ||
Rakoń | Stefan Rowecki | Polish general and journalist | ||
Ram Dass | Richard Alpert | American religious leader | ||
Raphael | Raffaello da Urbino | Italian painter and architect | ||
Raymond Kopa | Raymond Kopaszewski | French footballer | ||
Red Baron | Manfred von Richthofen | German soldier | ||
Ricco | Erich Wassmer | Swiss painter | ||
Rivaldo | Vitor Borba Ferreira | Brazilian footballer | ||
Rocket Ismail | Raghib Ismail | American football player | ||
Rocky Marciano | Rocco Marchegiano | American boxer | ||
ROJO | David Quiles Guilló | Artist | ||
Ronaldinho | Ronaldo de Assis Moreira | Brazilian footballer | ||
Ronaldo | Ronaldo Nazário de Lima | Brazilian footballer | ||
Ronwaldo Reyes | Fernando Poe Jr. | Filipino actor, director, and politician | ||
Saïd Moustapha Mahdjoub | Gilbert Bourgeaud | French mercenary | ||
SAMO | Jean-Michel Basquiat | American artist | ||
Sara Jane Olson | Kathleen Soliah | American robber | ||
Sathya Sai Baba | Sathya Narayana Raju | Indian guru | ||
Satoshi Nakamato | (unknown) | Inventor of Bitcoin | ||
Sister Dora | Dorothy Pattison | English nun | ||
Son of Sam | David Berkowitz | American serial killer | ||
Spy | Leslie Ward | British artist | ||
Stanley Ketchel | Stanislaus Kiecal | American boxer | ||
Student | William Sealy Gosset | British statistician | ||
Sugar Ray Robinson | Walker Smith Jr. | American boxer | ||
Sundance Kid | Harry Longabaugh | American robber | ||
Suso | Jesús Fernandez Sáez | Spaniard footballer | ||
Swami Vivekananda | Narandranath Dutta | Indian monk and philosopher | ||
Swoon | Caledonia Curry | American graffiti artist | ||
Taras Chuprynka | Roman Shukhevych | Leader of Ukrainian Insurgent Army | ||
Ted Grant | Isaac Blank | South African-British activist | ||
The Edge | David Evans | Lead guitarist, U2 | ||
Thérèse of Lisieux | Marie-Françoise-Thérèse Martin | French nun and saint | ||
Tiger Woods | Eldrick Woods | American golfer | ||
Tintoretto | Jacopo Robusti | Italian painter | ||
Titian | Tiziano Vecelli | Italian painter | ||
Tom of Finland | Touko Laaksonen | Finnish visual artist | ||
Tony Cliff | Yigael Glückstein | Israeli-English activist | ||
Tony Zale | Anthony Zaleski | American boxer | ||
Tristán Marof | Gustavo Navarro | Bolivian activist | ||
Ulay | Frank Uwe Leysiepen | German artist | ||
Unabomber | Ted Kaczynski | American serial killer | ||
Utisz | István Orosz | Hungarian visual artist | ||
VaGla | Piotr Waglowski | Polish activist | ||
Vecchietta | Francesco di Giorgio e di Lorenzo | Italian painter | ||
Viktor Suvorov | Vladimir Rezun | Russian-British Soviet defector and author | ||
Vladimir Lenin | Vladimir Ulyanov | 1st head of the Soviet Union | ||
VLEZ | Claudio Ribeiro Velez | Artist - Architect | ||
Voltaire | François-Marie Arouet | French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher | ||
Vyacheslav Molotov | Vyacheslav Skryabin | Russian politician | ||
Waxey Gordon | Irving Wexler | American gangster | ||
WhoIsParadise | Marcus Dawes | British-American musician and activist | ||
Wilk | Aleksander Krzyżanowski | Polish soldier | ||
William Andersen | Christian Wilhelm Allers | French cricketeer | ||
William Rabbit | Katay Don Sasorith | 8th prime minister of Laos | ||
Willy Brandt | Herbert Frahm | Chancellor of Germany | ||
Xanana Gusmão | José Alexandre Gusmão | 3rd prime minister of Timor-Leste | ||
Yorkshire Ripper | Peter Sutcliffe | English serial killer | ||
XXXTentacion | Jahseh Dwayne Ricardo Onfroy | American rapper | ||
Ye | Kanye Omari West | American rapper | He often used the mononym during the late 2010s, even naming an album as such, although he legally changed his name to "Ye" in October 2021. | |
Zico | Arthur Antunes Coimbra | Brazilian footballer and manager | ||
Znicz | Tadeusz Komorowski | Polish soldier | ||
Zośka | Tadeusz Zawadzki | Polish soldier |
Other lists
[edit]Maternal family names
[edit]Pen names
[edit]Porn names
[edit]Stage names
[edit]Fictional pseudonyms
[edit]Superhero genre
[edit]- Iron Man (Anthony Edward "Tony" Stark) – Marvel Comics
- Captain America (Steven Grant "Steve" Rogers) – Marvel Comics
- The Hulk (Dr. Robert Bruce Banner) – Marvel Comics
- Spider-Man (Peter Benjamin Parker) – Marvel Comics
- Black Cat (Felicia Hardy) – Marvel Comics
- Doctor Octopus (Dr. Otto Gunther Octavius) - Marvel Comics
- Wolverine (Logan, James Howlett) – Marvel Comics
- Amazing-Man (William Blake "Will" Everett) – DC Comics
- Amazing-Man (William Blake "Will" Everett III) – DC Comics
- Amazing-Man (Markus Clay) – DC Comics
- Amethyst, Princess of Gemworld (Amy Winston) – DC Comics
- Animal Man (Bernhard "Buddy" Baker) – DC Comics
- Aquagirl (Lorena Marquez) – DC Comics
- Argus (Nick Kelly) – DC Comics
- Atom (Albert "Al" Pratt) – DC Comics
- Aqualad (Garth) – DC Comics
- Aqualad (Kaldur'ahm / Jackson Hyde) – DC Comics
- Aquaman (Arthur Joseph Curry) – DC Comics
- Superman (Kal-El / Clark Joseph Kent) – DC Comics
- Batgirl (Barbara Gordon) – DC Comics
- Batgirl (Cassandra Cain) – DC Comics
- Batman (Bruce Wayne) – DC Comics
- Catwoman (Selina Kyle) – DC Comics
- Catwoman (Patience Phillips) – 2004 film
- Huntress (Helena Wayne) – DC Comics
- Huntress (Helena Bertinelli) – DC Comics
- The Penguin (Oswald Chesterfield Cobblepot) – DC Comics
- The Riddler (Dr. Edward Nigma) – DC Comics
- Rorschach (Walter Joseph Kovacs) – Watchmen (Alan Moore graphic novel)
- The Flash (Jason Peter "Jay" Garrick) – DC Comics
- Wonder Woman (Princess Diana of Themyscira / Diana Prince) – DC comics
Other fictional characters
[edit]- Lord Voldemort (Thomas Marvolo "Tom" Riddle) – Harry Potter series
- Aramis (Henri d'Aramitz, le Chevalier d'Herblay) – The Three Musketeers
- Scarlet Pimpernel (Sir Percy Blakeney) - The Scarlet Pimpernel
- Athos (Armand de Sillègue d'Athos d'Autevielle, Le Comte de La Fère) – The Three Musketeers
- Demosthenes (Valentine Wiggin) – Ender's Game series
- Chuck Finley (Sam Axe) - Burn Notice
- Monika (Monitor Kernel Access / Monika.chr / Monika) – Doki Doki Literature Club!
- d'Artagnan (Charles de Batz-Castelmore) – The Three Musketeers
- Dylan Sharp (Deryn Sharp) – Leviathan by Scott Westerfeld
- Jeff (Othello Jeffries from the comic strip Mutt and Jeff)
- Locke (Peter Wiggin) – Ender's Game series
- M (Sir Miles Messervy) – James Bond novels
- Q (Major Boothroyd) – James Bond novels
- Regina Phalange (Phoebe Buffay) – Friends
- Porthos (Isaac de Porthau, Baron du Vallon de Bracieux de Pierrefonds) – The Three Musketeers
- Rusty Shackleford (Dale Gribble) - King of the Hill
- Duke Silver (Ron Swanson) - Parks and Recreation
- Speaker for the Dead (Ender Wiggin) – Ender's Game series
- Ken Adams (Joey Tribbiani) – Friends
- Art Vandelay (George Costanza) – Seinfeld
- La Volpe – Assassin's Creed II and Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood
- Zorro (Don Diego de la Vega)
- Alucard (Adrian Fahrenheit Ţepeş)
- Mr. Underhill (Frodo Baggins) – The Lord of the Rings series
- The Shadow (Lamont Cranston)
- Clint Eastwood (Marty McFly) – Back to the Future Part III
- Heisenberg (Walter White) – Breaking Bad
- Saul Goodman (James "Jimmy" McGill) – Breaking Bad
- L (L Lawliet) – Death Note
- John Smith (Kyon) - Haruhi Suzumiya
- The Doctor – Doctor Who
- Keyser Söze (Roger "Verbal" Kint) - The Usual Suspects
- Rollo Tomasi - Pseudonym given to his father's unknown murderer by Lieutenant Edmund Exley - L.A. Confidential
See also
[edit]- Literary initials
- List of pen names
- List of people who adopted matrilineal surnames
- List of pseudonyms used in the American Constitutional debates
- List of works published under a pseudonym
- Mononymous persons
- Nicknames of jazz musicians
- Pseudonyms used by U.S. President Donald Trump
References
[edit]- ^ Particular Educational Talents Support Council, 3rd annex "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Henriett Seth F. – The Rain Girl Artist" National Talents Support Council. Retrieved 2011-04-03
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2008) |