Jump to content

Oath of Allegiance (Canada)

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Canadian Oath of Allegiance)
Peter MacKay (left) reciting the Oath of Allegiance, as administered by Kevin G. Lynch (right), Clerk of the Privy Council, and in the presence of Governor General Michaëlle Jean (seated, centre), at Rideau Hall, 14 August 2007

The Canadian Oath of Allegiance is a promise or declaration of fealty to the Canadian monarch—as personification of the Canadian state and its authority, rather than as an individual person—taken, along with other specific oaths of office, by new occupants of various federal and provincial government offices; members of federal, provincial, and municipal police forces; members of the Canadian Armed Forces; and, in some provinces, all lawyers upon admission to the bar. The Oath of Allegiance also makes up the first portion of the Oath of Citizenship, the taking of which is a requirement of obtaining Canadian nationality.

The vow's roots lie in the oath taken in the United Kingdom, the modern form of which was implemented in 1689 by King William II and III and Queen Mary II[1] and was used in Canada prior to Confederation. The Canadian oath was established at that time in the British North America Act, 1867 (now Constitution Act, 1867), meaning that alteration or elimination of the oath for parliamentarians requires a constitutional amendment. The Oath of Allegiance has also been slightly altered and made or removed as a requirement for admission to other offices or positions through act of Parliament or letters patent, to which proposals have been put forward for further abolishment or modification.

Composition

[edit]

The present form of the Oath of Allegiance, which derives from that which was, and still is, taken by parliamentarians in the United Kingdom,[2] is:

I, [name], do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King Charles the Third, King of Canada, his heirs and successors. So help me God.[3]

A person may choose to replace the word swear with affirm and to omit the phrase so help me God. The oath taker is also given the option of either swearing on a holy book or not.

The oath for senators and members of Parliament has stood the same since Confederation; according to Section IX.128 of the Constitution Act, 1867: "Every member of the Senate and the House of Commons of Canada shall, before taking his seat therein, take and subscribe before the governor general, or some person authorized by him, and every member of a legislative council or legislative assembly of any province shall, before the lieutenant governor of the province, or some person authorized by him, the Oath of Allegiance contained in the Fifth Schedule to the act."[4] The oath set out in said schedule is, "I, [name], do swear, that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Victoria", with the further instruction that "the name of the king or queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for the time being is to be substituted from time to time, with proper terms of reference thereto."[n 1] The oath thus currently reads as follows:

I, [name], do swear, that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King Charles III.[5]

In French, this is:

Je, [nom], jure que je serai fidèle et porterai une vraie allégeance à Sa Majesté le Roi Charles III.[6]

For those parliamentarians whose religion prohibits the swearing of oaths, there exists a compromise affirmation, first instituted in 1905:

I, [name], do solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm and declare the taking of an oath is according to my religious belief unlawful, and I do also solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm and declare that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King Charles III.[7]

Purpose

[edit]

The Oath of Allegiance was implemented to acknowledge the supremacy of the reigning monarch of Canada;[8] allegiance is to the "natural person of the king [or queen, as the case may be]",[9] but, it is to them as the personification of the Canadian state.[10][11] Professor Yan Campagnolo stated, "an oath to the King is not an oath to the person who wears the Crown at a given time; rather, it is an oath to an institution that symbolizes our system of government, a democratic constitutional monarchy. An oath to the King is therefore an oath to our system of government and homeland, not an oath to a foreign monarch."[10] Along that line, in the military context, specifically, the King is the highest authority in the Canadian Armed Forces.[12][13] The giving of faithfulness to the monarch in that way is a manifestation of a key responsibility central to the Canadian system of government[14] and serves to "remind individuals taking it of the serious obligations and responsibilities that he or she is assuming."[15]

Photo portrait of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, at the front of a citizenship ceremony, wherein the Oath of Citizenship is recited, which includes the Oath of Allegiance

Mike Harris, later Premier of Ontario, said in 1993 that "the oath to the Queen is fundamental to the administration of the law in this country. It signifies that, here in Canada, justice is done—not in the name of the prime minister, or the mayor, or the police chief, as in totalitarian nations—but by the people, in the name of the Queen,"[16] while James Robertson stated that the oath was the way elected members of Parliament—who are assuming positions of public trust—promise to carry out their duties "patriotically and in the best interests of the country."[17] The Federal Court also expressed that giving allegiance to the sovereign was "a solemn intention to adhere to the symbolic keystone of the Canadian constitution, thus pledging an acceptance of the whole of our constitution and national life,"[18] though, also reflecting, "it may be argued that it strikes at the very heart of democracy to curtail collective opposition and incentive for change by demanding loyalty to a particular political theory."[19]

The relationship between the oath taker and the monarch is a complex one, with roots reaching back to historical periods when a monarch ruled and accepted an oath of fealty from his or her subjects. The modern oath remains both fiduciary and reciprocal;[14] mirroring citizens' oaths to the monarch,[20] the sovereign takes the Coronation Oath, wherein he or she promises "to govern the peoples of [...] Canada [...] according to their respective laws and customs."[21] It has been said of this mutual verbal contract, "except through the person of the Queen, Canada cannot take an oath to Canadians in return. It doesn't exist in the sense that it can take an oath. It is fundamental to our tradition of law and freedom that the commitments made by the people are reciprocated by the state. Reciprocal oaths are essential to our Canadian concept of government."[22] For members of the Canadian Armed Forces, the oath to the monarch is "the soldier's code of moral obligation."[23]

The oath sworn by lawyers in Alberta includes the phrasing, "I will uphold and maintain the sovereign's interest and that of my fellow citizens, according to the law in force in Alberta."[24] The sovereign's interests entail a broad field of liberty for the monarch's subjects.[25][26]

Taking the oath

[edit]

Those required to take the oath

[edit]

The following persons must take the Oath of Allegiance before occupying a governmental, military, police, or judicial post. Generally, these individuals are appointed by the monarch or relevant viceroy, meaning they serve at His Majesty's pleasure and are charged with creating or administering the law.

Federal

[edit]

Provincial

[edit]
The swearing-in of Lieutenant Governor of Alberta Donald Ethell, in front of the Legislature Building in Edmonton, 11 May 2010

Territorial

[edit]

Other

[edit]
  • Board members of a regional district in British Columbia[64]
  • Lawyers in Ontario,[65] Nova Scotia,[66] New Brunswick,[67] and Yukon[68]
  • Police officers, special constables, and auxiliary constables in Ontario[69]
  • Mayors and councillors in British Columbia
  • School trustees in British Columbia[70]
  • Priests and deacons at ordination and Rectors at inductions or installations in certain dioceses of the Anglican Church of Canada.[71]

Those for whom the oath is optional

[edit]

The Oath of Allegiance is optional for these individuals:

Provincial

[edit]
  • Lawyers in Ontario[72]

Territorial

[edit]

Those desiring to take the oath

[edit]

Anyone who desires to swear or affirm allegiance to the King may, while in Canada, do so before a justice of the peace or anyone else authorized ex officio or by commission from the Crown, under the terms of the Oaths of Allegiance Act.[73]

Administration of the oath

[edit]
Michaëlle Jean reciting the Oath of Allegiance as she is sworn in as the 27th Governor General of Canada, 27 September 2005

Crown appointees

[edit]

The Letters Patent issued in 1947 by King George VI outline that the Oath of Allegiance must be taken by a newly appointed governor general and stipulate that the oath must be administered by the chief justice or other judge of the Supreme Court of Canada in the presence of members of the King's Privy Council.[27] In the 19th century, the oath was recited by recently commissioned federal viceroys at whatever port they arrived at in Canada. However, the contemporary practice is to swear-in governors general as part of a ceremony in the Senate chamber on Parliament Hill.[74]

New members of the King's Privy Council recite, along with the Oath of Office, a specific oath that contains a variant on the Oath of Allegiance,[28] as administered by the Clerk of the Privy Council,[75] usually in the presence of the governor general at Government House (Rideau Hall) in Ottawa. Twice, however, the oath has been delivered in front of the reigning monarch: In 1967, the year of Canada's centennial, the provincial premiers then in office were sworn in as members of the Privy Council before Elizabeth II in a ceremony on Parliament Hill and, during her tour of Canada to mark the 125th anniversary of Confederation, new appointees to the Privy Council recited the oath before the Queen at her Ottawa residence.[75] The chief justice of the Supreme Court similarly recites the Oath of Allegiance in front of the governor general.[76]

Parliamentarians

[edit]

The clerk of the House, or an authorized designate, administers the Oath of Allegiance to both new and returning members of Parliament. Failure to take the oath constitutes an absolute bar on sitting or voting in Parliament, along with a denial of the associated salary; this does not mean the person ceases to be a member of the House; simply that they cannot sit or participate in it.[77] In 1875, George Turner Orton, member for Wellington Centre, inadvertently failed to swear the oath. Though Orton did eventually take his Oath of Allegiance, the matter was referred to the Select Standing Committee on Privileges and Elections, which found that the votes Orton cast in the House prior to his swearing the oath were rendered invalid.[78] The only way to change this stipulation would be to amend the constitution; though, it is not entirely clear whether or not this could be done under the general amending formula (through resolutions of the federal Parliament and of the parliaments of at least two-thirds of the provinces having at least 50% of the population), or if it would necessitate the undivided agreement of all the parliamentary houses across Canada, as is required for any constitutional alteration that affects the Crown.[79]

Then-leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, Andrew Scheer, is sworn into the Queen's Privy Council by Clerk of the Privy Council Michael Wernick, in front of Governor General David Johnston, at Rideau Hall, 25 September 2017

A breach of the oath can also be seen as an act punishable by the denial of the offender's ability to sit in the House of Commons. Actions such as making treasonous comments in a time of war could be considered a break of the oath, as the oath to the monarch is considered an oath to the country.[80] But, expressing anti-Confederation sentiments is not, so long as the proponent continues to work for their cause within the laws and customs of Canada. Also, the King could remain head of any new state formed after secession from Canada.[81]

As early as 1867, this notion was tested: Joseph Howe was an opponent to Confederation; but, was elected to the House of Commons and took the Oath of Allegiance, after which he continued to work towards dissolving the union.[82] Later, in 1976, members of the sovereigntist Parti Québécois (PQ) were elected to the National Assembly of Quebec; according to press reports, some of those persons swore the oath with their fingers crossed and others later added flippant commentary to their oath,[83] such as, "et aussi au roi de France" ("and also to the king of France"), and, "Vive la république" ("live the republic!"), or whispered the words, "Sa Majesté la Reine Élisabeth II".[6] In 2003, Premier of Quebec Bernard Landry, leader of the PQ, added to the oath, "for the duration of the present constitutional order, which will hopefully change one day in a democratic fashion."[84] None of the actions had any effect on the enforcement of the oath itself, however.[85]

Canadian Armed Forces members

[edit]

Allegiance and loyalty to the monarch, and the manner in which they are expressed, are specifically outlined in the Canadian Armed Forces regulations and subordinate orders. Within the King's Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Forces, it is stipulated that all Canadian citizens or British subjects who enroll in the forces must take the Oath of Allegiance before either a commissioned officer or a justice of the peace.

I, [name], do swear [or, for a solemn affirmation, solemnly affirm] that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King Charles the Third, King of Canada, his heirs and successors according to law. So help me God.

Those who are not Canadian citizens or British subjects must recite a longer oath:[86]

I, [name], do solemnly swear [or affirm] that I will well and truly serve His Majesty, King Charles the Third, King of Canada, his heirs and successors according to law, in the Canadian Forces until lawfully released, that I will resist His Majesty's enemies and cause His Majesty's peace to be kept and maintained and that I will, in all matters pertaining to my service, faithfully discharge my duty. So help me God.

The words so help me God are omitted if a solemn affirmation is taken.

Opposition and augmentation

[edit]
See also: Oath of Allegiance (New Zealand) § Alteration and augmentation of oaths

Federal

[edit]

Amendments to the Oath of Allegiance have been proposed in the federal scope. The difficulty in altering the constitution led members of Parliament (MPs) in Ottawa to table various bills aiming to alter the Parliament of Canada Act, instead. While none were ever successful, certain MPs have recited further pledges in the presence of their constituents or added their own pledge after reciting the Oath of Allegiance.[87][88] In 2005, Senator Raymond Lavigne uttered the words, "and to my country, Canada," at the end of the Oath of Allegiance, which raised questions from other senators and Lavigne was instructed to take the oath again, without the amendment. Following this, the Senator proposed that the Senate rules be changed to add an oath to Canada after the oath to the sovereign, in the form of, "I, [name], do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Canada." The motion never passed.[89] René Arseneault tabled a private member's bill in January 2024 seeking to replace the oath to the Canadian monarch with simply a promise to carry the duties of an MP "in the best interest of Canada while upholding its constitution," without defining what Canada means. Pierre Vincent, speaking for Citizens for a Canadian Republic called the oath "colonial, medieval stuff" comparable to a former Mexican tradition of "sacrificing virgins", while John Fraser, President of the Institute for the Study of the Crown in Canada, called the bill "a stupid idea" and "all based on emotionalism", saying "I don't think we should marginalize something [the Crown] that is an integral part of our system of government." Barbara Messamore, a professor of history at the University of the Fraser Valley and an expert on the Canadian Crown, defined the move as a "profound change by stealth" and allegiance to Canada's constitution and system of government as "pretty significant."[11] The bill was defeated in April 2024.[90]

All members of the federal Civil Service were previously required to take the Oath of Allegiance before being officially hired; a stipulation that prompted Vincent, who is of Acadian descent and, at the time, a civil servant who refused to swear the oath, to undertake a three-year legal challenge against the Public Service Commission. The latter found that Vincent could keep his job with the Civil Service and, while the Supreme Court did rule that civil servants continued to be employees of the monarch,[91] royal assent was granted to the Public Service Modernization Act in 2003, which removed the necessity of the bureaucratic civil servants to take the oath to their employer.

The inclusion of the Oath of Allegiance in the Oath of Citizenship has also met with opposition; though, this was never a constitutional matter,[5] instead falling within the scope of the Citizenship Act.

Alberta

[edit]

Thirty two law professors in Alberta sent a letter to Minister of Justice Tyler Shandro, in July 2022, asking that the Executive Council table legislation in the legislature that proposes to remove the requirement that prospective lawyers recite the Oath of Allegiance before being admitted to the provincial the bar. This followed Prabjot Singh Wirring, an articling student in Edmonton, suing the province on the basis that swearing the oath would contradict his religious beliefs.[92] A similar claim against the Oath of Citizenship was made in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in 2007. In that case, the provision to take the oath was upheld. Alberta Crown attorneys have, in response to Wirring, argued the oath to the King is a commitment to the constitution of Canada, including its democratic principles, and is secular; Wirring has, they claimed, a "misunderstanding of the oath."[93]

Three Indigenous Canadian graduates of law schools in different provinces took legal action, on 7 September 2022, against the Alberta Crown and Law Society of Alberta seeking exemption from having to swear the Oath of Allegiance before being let into the Alberta bar. One of the women, Anita Cardinal, a member of the Woodland Cree First Nation, claimed the Canadian Crown does not have sovereignty over Indigenous peoples, contrary to multiple rulings by the Supreme Court of Canada.[97] Another in the party, Rachel Snow, of the Wesley First Nation, stated she would not recognize the authority of "the system [the legal order of the state as embodied in the monarch] that has caused generational and ongoing harms to her people";[98] though, Snow believes the oath is to the British Crown.[99]

New Brunswick

[edit]

A loophole in provincial law was discovered by René Arseneault after he, in 1992, opposed taking the oath before being admitted to the bar. He argued successfully in court that the law did not permit the Court of Appeal to refuse his application to the Law Society until he recited the oath. Arseneault became the first member of the bar admitted without taking the oath.[100]

Ontario

[edit]

Ontario Member of Provincial Parliament Dominic Agostino proposed in 1996 that the Legislative Assembly of Ontario follow that of Quebec and add another requisite oath of allegiance to "Canada", to be taken by MPPs following the oath to the sovereign. However, the Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly found that the monarch referred to in the Oath of Allegiance was already the personification of the Canadian state and it was thus redundant to offer allegiance to both the Queen and to Canada.[22]

A councillor in Prescott, Ontario, Lee McConnell, proposed in February 2023 that city council send a motion to the provincial Cabinet requesting that a bill be tabled in parliament to amend the Municipal Act so as to either remove or make optional the Oath of Allegiance required of all newly elected councillors. McConnell's motion suggested, instead, that municipal representatives swear an oath to "the country, province, and community". None of Prescott's other councillors seconded the motion, leading to its immediate failure.[101]

Quebec

[edit]

Early opposition to the Oath of Allegiance was expressed by the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec shortly following the transfer of that territory from King Louis XV to King George III via the 1763 Treaty of Paris. The Quebec Act, issued in 1774, subsequently established a special Oath of Allegiance for the Roman Catholics of Quebec that, unlike the one sworn by others, which had remained the same since the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, bore no references to the Protestant faith. It read:

The Oath of allegiance signed by Pierre Beliveau, an Acadian, on 31 May 1768

I [name] do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King George and him will defend to the utmost of my power, against all traitorous conspiracies and attempts whatsoever, which shall be made against his person. Crown, and dignity; and I will do my utmost endeavor to disclose and make known to His Majesty, his heirs and successors, all treasons and traitorous conspiracies and attempts, which I shall know to be against him, or any of them; and all this I do swear without any equivocation, mental evasion, or secret reservation, and renouncing all pardons and dispensations from any power or person whomsoever to the contrary. So help me God.[102]

In 1970, the recently elected members of the sovereigntist Parti Québécois (PQ) refused to recite the Oath of Allegiance before taking their seats in the National Assembly of Quebec. At the time, all the other parties in the assembly agreed that the oath was outdated and needed to be amended.[103] The Act Respecting the National Assembly of Quebec was granted royal assent in 1982, in which a supplementary oath pledging loyalty to "the people of Quebec" was included,[104] though, it does not define what "the people of Quebec" means. The Members' Manual of the National Assembly outlines that this additional oath is to "the people" and constitution of Quebec, distinct from the Oath of Allegiance, which is an oath to the country via the then-Queen.[105] Still, some saw the monarch, in that context, as representative of the Quebec state and not of Canada, taking into account Canada's "divisible" Crown.[106]

The PQ and its leader, Paul St-Pierre Plamondon, said after the general election in 2022 that they would not take the Oath of Allegiance upon attempting to take their seats in the National Assembly of Quebec,[107][108] arguing, "you can't serve two masters at the same time."[109] On 19 October 2022, the 11 Québec Solidaire MNAs announced they also did not wish to swear the Oath of Allegiance.[110][111] In response, the President of the National Assembly, François Paradis, asserted that the PQ and Québec Solidaire MNAs were required to recite the oath or risk expulsion from the legislature.[112] While QS members eventually did swear allegiance, on 1 December 2022, PQ MNAs continued to refuse and were stopped from entering the legislature.[113] The Executive Council, occupied by the Coalition Avenir Québec party, headed by François Legault, thereafter tabled a bill that purported to amend the constitution of Canada so as to add to Section 128 of the Constitution Act, 1867—the clause requiring the Oath of Allegiance for legislators—a statement that the section does not apply to Quebec.[116] That bill passed the assembly with unanimous consent on 6 December 2022.[117] It remains unclear if the law has any effect.[118][119]

Prince Edward Island

[edit]

Since 2022, Samuel LeBlanc, lawyer of Acadian descent practising mainly in New Brunswick, has refused to swear the Oath of Allegiance required to become a member of the bar in Prince Edward Island, drawing a connection between the modern oath to the Canadian monarch and the involvement of an oath to the monarch of Great Britain in the Expulsion of the Acadians between 1755 and 1764. In June 2023, the Ministry of Justice stated possible amendments to the Law on Legal Professions are being evaluated.[100]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Constitution Act, 1867, has not been amended to reflect the changes both in the name of the United Kingdom and in the status of Canadian sovereignty from that country; see Monarchy of Canada § International and domestic aspects.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Walker, Aileen; Wood, Edward (14 February 2000). "The Parliamentary Oath" (PDF). Research Paper 00/17. Westminster: House of Commons Library. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 19, 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  2. ^ Bédard, Michel; Robertson, James R. (October 2008). "Oaths of Allegiance and the Canadian House of Commons". Ottawa: Library of Parliament. p. 2. 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3. (U.K.). Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  3. ^ Elizabeth II (1985). "Oaths of Allegiance Act". 2. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. R.S., 1985, c. O-1. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d Victoria (1 July 1867). "Constitution Act, 1867". IX.128. Westminster: Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
  5. ^ a b Victoria 1867, Fifth Schedule
  6. ^ a b le Clère, René (Summer 2003). "Serment d'allégeance à la Reine dénaturé par des députés souverainistes du Québec!" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. 7 (4). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
  7. ^ Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille (2000). House of Commons Procedure and Practice. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 176.
  8. ^ Forsey, Eugene (2005). How Canadians Govern Themselves (5 ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. ISBN 978-0-660-16872-2.
  9. ^ 7 Co. Rep. 10 b.
  10. ^ a b c Campagnolo, Yan (19 October 2022). "Why Québec politicians must swear an oath to the King—even if they don't want to". The Conversation. Academic Journalism Society. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  11. ^ a b Tasker, John Paul (3 January 2024), Politicians' oath of allegiance to King Charles could be history if Liberal MP gets his way, CBC News, retrieved 13 March 2024
  12. ^ Department of National Defence (1 April 1998). "Canada's Army: We Stand on Guard for Thee" (PDF). B-GL-300-000/FP-000. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  13. ^ Dickenson, Ron A.; Joyce, C. Tony (May 2002). Written at Canadian Forces Leadership Institute. "The Military as a Profession: An Examination" (PDF). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  14. ^ a b Aagaard, Lindsay (2008). "Fiduciary Duty and Members of Parliament". Canadian Parliamentary Review. 31 (2). Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  15. ^ Bédard & Robertson 2008, p. 16
  16. ^ Monarchist League of Canada. "An Archive of Quotations from The Queen and prominent Canadians about The Crown and Canada". Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  17. ^ Robertson, James (2005). Oath of Allegiance and the Canadian House of Commons. Ottawa: Library of Parliament. pp. 16–17.
  18. ^ Charles C. Roach v. The Minister of State for Multiculturalism and Citizenship, A-249-92 Case dismissed, Linden (Federal Court of Canada 20 January 1994), archived from the original on 23 September 2015.
  19. ^ Roach v The Minister of State for Multiculturalism and Citizenship 1994, Freedom of association
  20. ^ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002). Fifty Years the Queen. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 78. ISBN 1-55002-360-8.
  21. ^ Kershaw, Simon (2002). "The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in The Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Tuesday, the second day of June, 1953 > IV.The Oath". Simon Kershaw. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  22. ^ a b Hansard (10 April 1996). "Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly". Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  23. ^ Department of National Defence (1997). "Report of the Somalia Commission of Inquiry > Ethics in the Canadian Military". Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada. Archived from the original on 2 October 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  24. ^ Stevens, Laura K.; MacLeod, Donald, An Ethics Primer for Criminal Lawyers (PDF), Edmonton: Legal Education Society of Alberta, p. 1, retrieved 21 March 2023
  25. ^ Adhar, Rex J., Research Handbook on Law and Religion, Columns Design, retrieved 21 March 2023
  26. ^ Shapiro, Ian (1986), The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–40
  27. ^ a b George VI (1 October 1947). "Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada". X. Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  28. ^ a b Office of the Governor General of Canada (2 March 2006). "Oaths of Office". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 15 November 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  29. ^ "Parliament of Canada Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  30. ^ "Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  31. ^ Governor General's Foot Guards. "Join the Guards". Governor General's Foot Guards. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  32. ^ "Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  33. ^ "Locally-Engaged Staff Employment Regulations (SOR/95-152)". Department of Justice. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  34. ^ Victoria 1867, V.61
  35. ^ "Provincial Court Act". Queen's Printer BC. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  36. ^ Elizabeth II (1 June 2011). "Auditor General Act". Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario. R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER A.35. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  37. ^ Elizabeth II (1990). "Public Service Act". 10. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario. R.S.O. 1990, c. P.47. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  38. ^ Agency, BC Public Service. "Oath of Employment - Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  39. ^ "The Civil Service Act". Province of Manitoba. 30 June 2004. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  40. ^ Elizabeth II (22 June 2006). "Public Officers Act". Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario. R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER P.45. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  41. ^ "Police Oath/Solemn Affirmation Regulation". Queen's Printer BC. 7 June 2002. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  42. ^ "Railway Act". Queen's Printer BC. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  43. ^ "Police Regulations". Department of Justice. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  44. ^ "Forms - All Documents". www.solgps.alberta.ca. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  45. ^ "The Municipal Police Recruiting Regulations, 1991" (PDF). Saskatchewan Queen's Printer. 1995. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  46. ^ "Forms of Oath Regulation". Ministry of the Attorney General. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  47. ^ "Police Act" (PDF). Schedule 1. Queen's Printer Alberta. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  48. ^ "Municipal Elections Act". Office of the Legislative Counsel. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  49. ^ Elizabeth II, "232", Municipal Act, King's Printer for Ontario, retrieved 6 August 2023
  50. ^ "The Fatality Inquiries Act". Province of Manitoba. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  51. ^ "SHERIFF'S ACT, 1991". Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly. 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  52. ^ Legal Profession Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. L-8, s. 44((2))
  53. ^ "Barristers' Roll". Law Society of Newfoundland and Labrador. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  54. ^ "Admission as a Member of the Law Society". Law Society of Prince Edward Island. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  55. ^ "NOTARIES PUBLIC ACT". Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly. 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  56. ^ "Yukon Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  57. ^ "Northwest Territories Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  58. ^ "Nunavut Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  59. ^ a b "Legislative Assembly and Executive Council Act". CanLii. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  60. ^ "Legislative Assembly Act" (PDF). Queen's Printer Yukon. 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  61. ^ "Forms (oaths) Regulation C.O. 1973/398" (PDF). Queen's Printer Yukon. 17 September 1973. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  62. ^ "Coroners Act" (PDF). Queen's Printer Yukon. 2002. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  63. ^ "Legal Profession Act". CanLii. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  64. ^ "Local Government Act". Queen's Printer BC. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  65. ^ "By-Law 4". Law Society of Upper Canada. 25 October 2012. s. 22. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  66. ^ "Bar Admission ceremonies". Nova Scotia Barristers' Society. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  67. ^ "Admission to the Law Society". Law Society of New Brunswick. n.d. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  68. ^ "Legal Profession Act" (PDF). Queen's Printer Yukon. 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  69. ^ "ONTARIO REGULATION 268/10". Ministry of the Attorney General. 17 July 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  70. ^ "School Act". Queen's Printer BC. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  71. ^ Canon 7.5.3 The Anglican Diocese of Fredericton
  72. ^ a b Lund, Anna (8 March 2023), "Alberta's mandatory oath of allegiance is systemic discrimination", CRA/ABC National, The Canadian Bar Association, retrieved 21 March 2023
  73. ^ Oaths of Allegiance Act R.S.C., 1985, c. O-1. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/O-1/page-1.html
  74. ^ Newfoundland School for the Deaf. "Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General". Newfoundland School for the Deaf. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  75. ^ a b Office of the Governor General of Canada (2 February 2006). "The Swearing-In of Privy Councillors". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 15 November 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  76. ^ Royal Household at Buckingham Palace. "The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealth > Canada > The Queen's Role in Canada". Her Majesty the Queen. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  77. ^ Fraser, Alistair; Dawson, W. F.; Holtby, John A. (1989). Beauchesne's Rules & Forms of the House of Commons of Canada (Sixth ed.). Toronto: The Carswell Company Limited. p. 68.
  78. ^ House of Commons (1875). Journals. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 176.
  79. ^ Bédard & Robertson 2008, p. 17
  80. ^ Beauchesne, Arthur (1958). Rules & Forms of the House of Commons of Canada (Fourth ed.). Toronto: The Carswell Company Limited. p. 14.
  81. ^ Bédard & Robertson 2008, p. 7
  82. ^ Pryke, Kenneth George (1962). Nova Scotia and Confederation, 1864-1870 (PhD thesis). Durham: Duke University. p. 147.
  83. ^ Lynch, Charles (29 July 1990). "Bloc Québécois: Members Make Oaths of Office Seem Ridiculous". The Ottawa Citizen.
  84. ^ Coates, Colin MacMillan (2006). Majesty in Canada: essays on the role of royalty. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-55002-586-6.
  85. ^ Bédard & Robertson 2008, p. 10
  86. ^ Department of National Defence (14 July 2008). "Queen's Regulations and Orders" (PDF). 6.04. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  87. ^ Hansard (14 March 1994). House of Commons, Debates. 1140. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Ted White, MP.
  88. ^ Hansard (5 May 2003). House of Commons, Debates. 1730. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Eugène Bellemare, MP.
  89. ^ Hansard (16 April 2002). Senate, Debates. 1520 (Question Period). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada.
  90. ^ Tasker, John Paul (10 April 2024). "MPs kill bill that would have made oath to King Charles optional". CBC. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  91. ^ Smith, David E. (1995). The Invisible Crown. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 79. ISBN 0-8020-0743-0.
  92. ^ Szulc, Katarina (14 July 2022), 32 Alberta law professors sign letter calling for government to make oath to Queen optional, CBC News, retrieved 21 March 2023
  93. ^ Smith, Alanna (7 February 2023), "Alberta faces pressure to drop requirement that lawyers swear oath to king", The Globe and Mail, retrieved 21 March 2023
  94. ^ Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 3 Haida Nation, 73 (Supreme Court of Canada 2004)511
  95. ^ Taku River Tlingit First Nation v British Columbia (Project Assessment Director), 3 Taku River, 74 (Supreme Court of Canada 2004)550
  96. ^ Mikasew Cree First Nation v Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage), 3, 69 (Supreme Court of Canada 2005)388
  97. ^ [94][95][96]
  98. ^ Shari, Narine (20 October 2022), First Nations lawyers, law student fight against swearing allegiance to oppressors, WindSpeaker, retrieved 21 March 2023
  99. ^ de Castillo, Carolyn Kury (6 May 2023), Alberta lawyer requirement to swear oath to king being challenged in court, Global News, retrieved 11 August 2023
  100. ^ a b Drummond, Gabrielle (15 June 2023), Un avocat acadien conteste l’obligation de prêter serment d’allégeance au roi, Radio-Canada, retrieved 11 August 2023
  101. ^ Zajac, Ronald (27 February 2023), "Motion to remove oath of allegiance to King fails", Recorder & Times, retrieved 6 August 2023
  102. ^ George III (1774). Quebec Act. VII. Westminster: King's Printer. 14 George III, c. 83 (U.K.). Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  103. ^ "René Lévesque's Separatist Fight > René, The Queen and the FLQ > Did you know?". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  104. ^ Elizabeth II (1982). "An Act Respecting the National Assembly of Quebec". Schedule I.15. Quebec: Éditeur officiel du Québec. R.S.Q., chapter A-23.1. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  105. ^ National Assembly of Quebec (1986). Manuel des membres de l'Assemblée nationale. 2.1. Quebec: Éditeur officiel du Québec. p. 2.
  106. ^ Bédard & Robertson 2008, p. 9
  107. ^ "Parti Québécois leader insists he won't swear oath to King before taking office". Global News.
  108. ^ Parti Québécois leader wants to sit in National Assembly without swearing oath to King, CBC News, 11 October 2022, archived from the original on 28 October 2022
  109. ^ "'Can't serve two masters': Parti Québécois leader refuses to swear oath to King". Global News.
  110. ^ "Québec Solidaire MNAs skip oath to King when sworn in, PQ to follow suit". CBC News. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  111. ^ "Québec solidaire MNAs shun oath of allegiance to King Charles III". Montreal Gazette.
  112. ^ "Quebec politicians must swear oath to King Charles to sit in legislature: Speaker". Global News.
  113. ^ "Parti Québécois barred from sitting in legislature for refusing oath to King". Global News.
  114. ^ Huges, Patricia (14 December 2022), "Challenging the Constitutional Order: Where Does the Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act Fit In?", Slaw, retrieved 21 March 2023
  115. ^ "CAQ bill would make oath to King optional for Quebec MNAs", Montreal Gazette
  116. ^ [10][114][115]
  117. ^ Quebec adopts law making oath to King optional for elected members, CTV News, 9 December 2022
  118. ^ Hopper, Tristan (9 December 2022), "First Reading: Quebec is trying to unilaterally rewrite the Constitution again", National Post, retrieved 22 January 2023
  119. ^ Montpetit, Jonathan (19 May 2021), Quebec's proposed changes to Constitution seem small, but they could prompt historic makeover, CBC News, retrieved 22 January 2023
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oath_of_Allegiance_(Canada)&oldid=1260383362"