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Nagercoil

Coordinates: 8°10′30″N 77°25′50″E / 8.17500°N 77.43056°E / 8.17500; 77.43056
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Nagercoil
Metropolis
Clockwise from top: Nagercoil Clock Tower, Nagaraja Temple, St. Xavier's Cathedral, Nagercoil Junction railway station
Nicknames: 
Granary of South Travancore, Greenest City of Tamilnadu, City of Temple Jewels, Southernmost City of India.
Nagercoil is located in Tamil Nadu
Nagercoil
Nagercoil
Nagercoil in Tamil Nadu
Coordinates: 8°10′30″N 77°25′50″E / 8.17500°N 77.43056°E / 8.17500; 77.43056
Country India
State Tamil Nadu
DistrictKanyakumari
Named for"Temple of the Nāgas"
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodyNagercoil Municipal Corporation
 • Member of Legislative AssemblyM. R. Gandhi
 • MayorMr. Magesh BA BL
 • Deputy MayorMrs. Mary Princy MA
 • Corporation CommissionerMr. Nishant Krishna[1] IAS
 • Member of ParliamentVijay Vasanth
Area
 • Total61.36 km2 (23.69 sq mi)
Elevation
82 m (269 ft)
Population
 (It is an estimation due to 2021 census has been postponed due to Covid-19 pandemic)
 • Total522,759
 • Density8,813/km2 (22,830/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
629001,629002,629003,629004
Telephone code91-4652 & 91-4651
Vehicle registrationTN-74
Literacy96.99%[2]
ClimateAw[3] (Köppen)
Precipitation2,477.7 millimetres (97.55 in)

Nagercoil, also spelt as Nagarkovil[note 1] ("Temple of the Nāgas", or Nagaraja-Temple), is a city and the administrative headquarters of Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu state, India. Situated close to the tip of the Indian peninsula, it lies on an undulating terrain between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. [4][5]

Nagaraja Temple at Nagercoil

The present city of Nagercoil grew around Kottar, a mercantile town that dates back to the Sangam period.[6] Kottar is now a locality within the city limits. Nagercoil was a major town in the erstwhile Travancore kingdom till 1956. In 1956, Kanyakumari District, along with the town, was merged with Tamil Nadu.[7]

Nagercoil is a centre for a range of economic activities in the small but densely-populated Kanyakumari District. Economic activities in and around the city include tourism, wind energy, IT services, marine fish production and exports, rubber and cloves plantations, agro-crops, floral production, manufacture of fishnets, rubber products among other activities.[8]

'Nagercoil Cloves' is a distinct quality of dried cloves in the spices market, noted for its aroma and medicinal value.[9] Cloves, pepper and other spices are grown in estates in the Western Ghats, outside the town.

Nagercoil is also the nearest city to the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri[10] and the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant.[11]

The city, along with the district of Kanyakumari, stands at the top in many Human Development Index parameters in Tamil Nadu state, including education, per capita income, health indices, etc.[12]

The municipality of Nagercoil was upgraded as a Municipal corporation on the eve of its 100th year as a city on 14 February 2019.[13]

Etymology

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Nagercoil derives from the Tamil expression Nagaraja koyil, meaning "temple of Nagas".[14]

History

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"Kottara: This is the name of a place in the country of the 'Aii', or ' Paralia ' (identical with South Travancore), which is called ‘Kottiara Metropolis' by Ptolemy, ' Cottora' by Pliny. Undoubtedly the town referred to is ‘Kôțţâra' or, as it is ordinarily spelled by Europeans, ‘ Kotaur,' the principal town in South Travancore, and now , as in the time of the Greeks, distinguished for its commerce. The name of the place is derived from ‘ Kôd-u, ' Tam., a line of circumvallation, a fortification , and “ ârú, ' a river. It is a rule in the Tamil and the Malayalam , that when a word like ‘Kôd is the first member of a compound, the final ' ' must be doubled for the purpose of giving the word the force of an adjective : it is another rule that sonants when doubled become surds. Consequently the compound ‘kôd- ara' becomes by rule 'kôţt-âra' . It is interesting to perceive that in the time of the Greeks the same peculiar phonetic rules existed which are now in operation . It is also worth noticing that the Greek writers represent the last syllable of the name of the town, not as ' âru ,' but as 'âra . The Tamil has ' âru, ' the Malayalam 'ara ' At Kotaur, the dialectic peculiarities of the Malayalam language begin to supersede those of the Tamil ; and this appears to have been the case even in the time of the Greeks." (Page 62-63)[15] It was from the ancient trade centre of Kottar from where the city of Nagercoil began to expand.

Known as the Granary of Travancore, Nagercoil not only served as the food basket of Kerala, but was also one among the important spice-trading centers in the kingdom of Travancore from the 14th century onward, and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era. Various Tamil and Kerala kings fought over this rich agricultural land, which boasted six rivers. Various historians cite that the land's climate and diverse, luxuriant vegetation had no comparison anywhere else in Tamil Nadu.[16]

Demographics

[edit]
Main articles: Demographics of India, Demographics of Tamil Nadu, and Demographics of Kerala

According to the 2021 estimation, Nagercoil had an estimated population of 522,759 with a female-male sex ratio of 1.05, well above the national average of 0.929 females/male.[17][18] A total of 20,241 were under the age of six, constituting 10,119 males and 10,122 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 4.19% and 0.17% of the population respectively. The literacy rate of the city was 96.99%.[18] The city had a total of 59,997 households. There were a total of 76,345 workers, comprising 244 cultivators, 1,155 main agricultural laborers, 2,271 in household industries, 67,050 other workers, 5,625 marginal workers, 110 marginal cultivators, 361 marginal agricultural laborers, 447 marginal workers in household industries and 4,707 other marginal workers.[19]

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Tamil Nadu

The city is one among the 50 Indian cities to be ranked in the World Startup Index of 1,000 cities.[20] The major software companies present in Nagercoil are CapeStart Inc., Hinduja Global Solutions, Navigant Consulting and American stock exchange NASDAQ.[21][22] The city also has small aerospace manufacturing plants and satellite fabricating firms serving the Indian Space Research Organisations facility in ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri.[23][24] The Regional Academic Centre for Space by Indian Space Research Organisation, one among the only six incubation centers for Space Startups in India, is under construction in Nagercoil.[25][26] The Integral Coach Factory has a small scale windmill unit.[27] The export of 95 tons of fruits and vegetables to the Gulf Countries through the Thiruvananthapuram airports is a major source of revenue for the city, with food processing companies generating a daily revenue of ₹16.7 lakh and an annual revenue of ₹6.1 billion.[28] The flower market of Thovalai exports 350 tons of Flowers to Kerala, Europe and Middle Eastern countries generating an annual revenue of ₹250 crore.[29][30][31] The major cottage industries like Fish-net manufacturing, Rubber industries, Jewellery manufacturing are industries serving the domestic and export markets.[32][33] The minor cottage industries include Surgical Gloves, Coir-making, floral trade, handloom-weaving, cashew nut, spices, food-processing units, and lace-making (export-oriented).[34] Nagercoil has the highest per capita income of ₹2,76,454 (US$3,800), making it among the richest small cities in India.

Energy

[edit]
Main article: Wind power in India
Wind farm in Muppandal and Aralvaimozhi region near Nagercoil

The city has an installed windmill capacity of 1500 MW catering to 20% of the state's renewable electricity needs. Muppandhal has emerged as the wind power hub, with plant owners eager to cash in on the ₹2.90 per unit purchase price being offered by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.[35]

Architecture

[edit]
Main articles: Architecture of Kerala, Architecture of Tamil Nadu, and Tamil architecture
The Thanumalayan Temple Pond and its adjoining streets inhabited since the 16th century.

The architecture of Nagercoil consists of an eclectic combination of architectural styles, ranging from those that predate the creation of the town, from the early Dravidian architecture and Kerala Architecture, to English Gothic Revival, to the 21st century contemporary. Although there are prehistoric and classical structures in the city, the architectural history of Nagercoil effectively begins with the first small settlements from 3 A.D. The Roman naturalist and writer Pliny the Elder mentions Nagercoil as a commercial metropolis, having trade links with his contemporaneous Roman merchants, who traded and stayed in unique rock-walled, clay-roofed structures. This legacy can be found in some of the town's old heritage structures like the Nagaraja Temple, Nagercoil. The temple has two main deities, Krishna (revered as Ananda Krishna) and Nagaraja. The upadevathas are Shiva, Subrahmanya Swami, Ganesha, Devi, and Dwarapalaka. As an ancient tradition, the priests are Namboothiri Brahmins who are referred by the Pambumekkat mana in Thrissur, Kerala. Later on, Dravidian and Kerala architectural styles began to appear in the area. This can be attributed to the construction of the Thanumalayan Temple in the 16th century.[36]

The 14th century St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Kottar serves as a testimony to the mix of Roman and native architecture. While Saint Xavier was doing missionary work at Kottar and its neighborhood, he averted an invasion of Padagas and thus protected the people of the Venad kingdom from that attack which was appreciated by the king, Unni Kerala Varma. In recognition of Xavier's services, the king allotted him a piece of land to construct a Catholic church, as a gesture of goodwill, as per the church records. There was already a small church, in the same place where St. Xavier's church stands at present, dedicated to Mary the Mother of God, since AD 1544.

The brilliant artistic influence of Kerala and British architecture marvels are seen in the Nagercoil Palace, Nagercoil Clock Tower, Home Church, Scott Christian College, Scott School, Carmel Higher Secondary School, St. Joseph Convent, Sethu Lakshmi Bai School, Nagercoil Court, The Concordia Seminary, Filter House, The Salvation Army Catherine Booth Hospital and many more heritage structures in and around the town.

The Nagercoil Clock Tower is the most visible to the outside world, situated in the heart of the town, which was built to commemorate the visit of Sri Moolam Thirunal, the ruler of Travancore, in 1893, and was designed by Hogeorf and S. Horesly of England. The Maharajah himself inaugurated it on 15 February of that year. The pendulum of the clock was made in Derbyshire by Smith of Derby Group, London. The clock is attached to a 60-foot-long chain with a weight, operated with pulleys through gravitational force. The clock in the Nagercoil Clock Tower was presented to the Maharajah by Rev. James Duthie. of the London Missionary Society.[37] The total cost for constructing the Nagercoil Clock Tower was ₹ 3,258, 9 Chakrams and 12 Kasu. The Maharajah of Travancore donated ₹ 1017, and the balance was donated by the public.[37]

Politics

[edit]
Main articles: Politics of Kerala and Politics of Tamil Nadu
Municipal officials
Commissioner Anand Mohan I.A.S.
District Collector P.N.Sridhar I.A.S
Superintendent of Police
Hari Kiran Prasad I.P.S

Education

[edit]
Main articles: Education in Kerala and Education in Tamil Nadu

Tamil is the official language in Nagercoil and is spoken by the majority of the population here. In addition to Tamil, English and Malayalam are widely spoken. There are many schools and colleges in Nagercoil that are known for their national reputation and were established more than 150 years ago; colleges such as Scott Christian College (est. 1809),[38] South Travancore Hindu College (est. 1952), Holy Cross College (est. 1965), Women Christian College and schools such as Scott Christian Higher Secondary School (est. 1819), Duthie Girls School (est. 1819), St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School (est. 1910), Carmel Higher Secondary School (est. 1922), S.L.B. Government Higher Secondary School (est. 1924), S.M.R.V. Higher Secondary School (est. 1919).

Also, there are several private primary, secondary, and higher secondary schools, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) schools in the city that provide learning diversity to the local & surrounding students.

There are approved institutions in and around the city, consisting of autonomous colleges, aided colleges and self-financing colleges.

There is a Government ITI, Government Polytechnic, University College of Engineering, and Government Arts And Science College situated in Konam, Nagercoil. There are two Government Medical Institutes in Nagercoil, Kanyakumari Government Medical College, Asaripallam, and Government Ayurvedic College, Kottar.

The literacy rate is at 96.99%[39] higher than the national average of 74.04%[40] and state average of 80.09%.[41]

Culture

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At Vadasery, a locality in Nagercoil, a unique Temple jewellery is made.[42] The Vadasery Temple jewellery has Geographical Indications (GI) registry of the Government of India.[43] These jewels are used by classical dancers in India.[43]

Onam is a festival which is widely celebrated among the Malayalam-speaking population by drawing the 'athapoo' on the floor.[44][45]

Navaratri is uniquely celebrated here with an inter-state tradition [46] in which the idols of Goddess Munuthithanankai Amman from Suchindrum, Goddess Saraswati from Padmanabhapuram Palace and Lord Kumaraswamy from Kumarakovil travel to Thiruvananthapuram. A ceremonial welcome is given to the idols of the Gods by the officials and representatives of the Government of Kerala. After the ten days of Navratri festival, they return to the respective temples with great celebrations.[47][48]

Transport

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Bus transport

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There are three main bus stands in the city.[49]

  • Nagercoil Municipal Corporation Christopher Bus Stand (Vadasery): The terminus, spread over an area of 9.49 acres, serves as a hub for transportation and commercial activities in the region. It features 52 bus bays, which accommodate a variety of buses including Mofussil buses and long-distance buses. These buses connect Nagercoil with major cities across Tamil Nadu and Kerala, facilitating both local commuting and intercity travel.

In addition to the bus bays, the terminus houses essential facilities such as a reservation counter for ticketing services. It also includes numerous commercial and refreshment outlets, providing amenities to travelers and visitors alike. Overall, the terminus plays a crucial role in the transportation infrastructure of Nagercoil, offering convenience and connectivity for passengers traveling within the state and to neighboring Kerala.

Frequent bus services to Marthandam, Thiruvananthapuram, Valliyur, Tirunelveli, Kovilpatti, Virudhunagar, Madurai, Karaikudi, Dindigul, Thoothukudi, Tiruchendur available from here. Also scheduled long distances buses to Chennai,Salem, Krishnagiri, Hosur, Bengaluru, Palani, Pollachi, Tiruppur, Ooty, Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Velankanni, Kodaikanal, Trichy, Ariyalur, Virudhachalam,Kumbakonam, Chidambaram, Cuddalore, Puducherry, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Vellore, Chittoor, Tirupathi operated from here. The terminus is well utilized by buses belonging to the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (TNSTC), State Express Transport Corporation (SETC), and Kerala State Road Transport Corporation.

  • Anna Bus Stand (Meenakshipuram, Nagercoil): The terminus, spanning 2.31 acres, is a pivotal hub for local bus services within Kanyakumari district and to Tirunelveli district. It features 25 bus bays, facilitating the operation and organization of various bus routes connecting different parts of these districts.

Local buses primarily serve the commuting needs of residents within the Kanyakumari district, offering reliable transportation options for daily travel and commuting purposes. Additionally, buses to Tirunelveli district provide connectivity for inter-district travel, enabling passengers to reach destinations across both districts efficiently.

As a central point for bus operations, the terminus enhances accessibility and convenience for travelers, ensuring smooth connectivity between different areas within Kanyakumari and to the neighboring Tirunelveli district.

The town bus routes to surrounding localities are to Vadasery, Parvathipuram, Vetturnimadam, Asaripallam, Chunkankadai, Villukuri, Thuckalay, Karungal, Thingalnagar, Mulagumoodu, Chettikulam, Kottar, Ramanputhur, Konam, Eathamozhi, Rajakkamangalam, Manavalakurichi, Colachal, Midalam, Enayam, Parakkai, Thengamputhur, Puthalam, Manakudy, Kovalam, Thovalai, Suchindram, Vazhukkamparai, Thamaraikulam, Mylaudy, Kottaram, etc.

  • Vadasery Omni Bus Stand: Intrastate and Interstate private buses are operated from here.

Rail transport

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There are two railway stations in the city

  1. Nagercoil Junction Railway station (NCJ): The main railway station (Also called Kottar Railway Station) of the city and one of the most important railway stations in Tamil Nadu coming under NSG–3 category. It consists of 6PF (02 under progress) and 12 tracks. The railway station is located on Kanyakumari- Trivandrum BG Line and Nagercoil- Tirunelveli BG Line. Direct trains to many parts of the state like Chennai, Kanyakumari, Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, and long distance trains to other state cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Shalimar, Dibrugarh, Bangalore, Katra, Kacheguda, Howrah, are also operated from here/passing through this station. [50]
  2. Nagercoil Town Railway station (NJT) : The station lies on Kanyakumari- Trivandrum BG Line. Many important express trains and local trains to Trivandrum halt here. Also some trains which skip the main station due to loco rake reversal halt here. [51]

Sports

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Nagercoil has the distinction of housing one of the two Sports Authority of India Centers in the state, the other being in Chennai.[52][53] There are plans to make the city hub for sports in South India by merging it with the Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi Centers with headquarters in Thiruvananthapuram.[54]

Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT) is maintaining Aringar Anna Outdoor Stadium in Vadasery and SDAT indoor Stadium in Konam, Nagercoil. It also has an excellent Swimming pool for sports players.[55]

Nagercoil also has various sports clubs that promote various sports activities. Nagercoil Fencing Club [56] promotes fencing sports in nagercoil. Also there are various Non govt sports clubs like The District Club, The Nagercoil Club, Ramavarmapuram club, etc.[57]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Commissioner". Nagercoil Corporation. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  2. ^ "Census2011". Tamil Nadu Population Census data 2011. Tamil Nadu Government. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  3. ^ "Nagercoil climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Nagercoil weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org.
  4. ^ "Nagercoil Tourism, Nagercoil Travel Guide - Cleartrip". Cleartrip Tourism.
  5. ^ "Nagercoil".
  6. ^ "Nagercoil" (PDF).
  7. ^ Ramakrishnan, T. (20 July 2023). "The transfer of Kanniyakumari to Tamil Nadu amid political struggle and police firing". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  8. ^ "Kanyakumari District Statistical Handbook" (PDF).
  9. ^ Cultivation of Spices. 11 February 2003. ISBN 9788178330648.
  10. ^ "Swadeshi success". Frontline. 21 June 2017.
  11. ^ "Site Evaluation Report for KKNPP Units 3 to 6" (PDF). npcil.nic.in. March 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2022.
  12. ^ Ramakrishnan, T. (17 May 2017). "Kanniyakumari tops HDI rankings". The Hindu.
  13. ^ Mariappan, Julie (13 February 2019). "Tamil Nadu's Hosur, Nagercoil to become corporations". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  14. ^ "About Nagercoil Corporation". Nagercoil Corporation. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  15. ^ Caldwell, Robert (1856). A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages. Harrison and sons. pp. 7, 62–63.
  16. ^ Sadasivan, S. N. (9 March 2019). River Disputes in India: Kerala Rivers Under Siege. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170999133 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ Kumar, P. s Suresh (4 February 2012). "Time to ensure scientific disposal of garbage". The Hindu.
  18. ^ a b "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  19. ^ "Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Nagercoil". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  20. ^ "Global Map of Startups & Ecosystem Rankings". StartupBlink.
  21. ^ "Hinduja Global Solutions opens centre at Nagercoil in TN". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 6 May 2010.
  22. ^ Christopher, Nilesh. "Nasdaq to work with Indian fintech cos to build next gen local products". The Economic Times.
  23. ^ SV Krishna Chaitanya (13 January 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 set for bungee jump test in Mahendragiri hills of Tamil Nadu". The New Indian Express.
  24. ^ "Noorul Islam University hands over nano satellite to ISRO". Deccan Chronicle. 9 October 2016.
  25. ^ "ISRO to fund research in twelve cities". The New Indian Express. 19 September 2018.
  26. ^ Kappan, Rasheed (18 September 2018). "ISRO opens first of its six planned incubation centres". Deccan Herald.
  27. ^ "ICF to install windmills". The Times of India. 10 February 2009.
  28. ^ Radhakrishnan, S. Anil (18 August 2017). "Export of perishables hit". The Hindu.
  29. ^ "Thovalai flowers gearing up for Onam". Mathrubhumi. 24 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020.
  30. ^ Sudhakar, P. (17 August 2018). "Traders stare at losses as Kerala floods hit business". The Hindu.
  31. ^ "Worst Onam for Thovalai flower market in recent times". The Times of India. 25 August 2018.
  32. ^ D Vincent Arockiaraj (23 July 2018). "Nagercoil temple jewellery made with peculiar stones gets Geographical Indications tag". The Times of India.
  33. ^ "Fishermen thirst for scientific solutions". The Hindu. 2 October 2007.
  34. ^ "Form casteless society, youth told". The Hindu. 3 October 2004. Archived from the original on 14 October 2004. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  35. ^ "State betters its record in windmill energy production". The Hindu. 3 August 2007.
  36. ^ "History of Suchindram temples". The Hindu.
  37. ^ a b "Nagercoil Clock Tower - Nagercoil Mani Medai". OnlineKanyakumari.Com. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  38. ^ "About Us". Scott Christian College. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  39. ^ "Nagercoil Town Population Census 2011 - 2023". Census 2011 India.
  40. ^ "Literacy Rate of India". Census 2011 India.
  41. ^ "Tamil Nadu Population | Sex Ratio | Literacy". Census 2011 India.
  42. ^ Santhanam, Kausalya (7 April 2012). "A dazzle in the dark". The Hindu.
  43. ^ a b "temple jewellery: Nagercoil temple jewellery made with peculiar stones gets Geographical Indications tag | Trichy News". The Times of India. 23 July 2018.
  44. ^ "Tamil Nadu / Nagercoil News : Onam - day of flowers, feast, fun and frolic". The Hindu. 15 September 2005.[dead link]
  45. ^ "Onam festivities begin in Kanyakumari". The Hindu. 24 August 2007.
  46. ^ Menon, Maya (1 October 2016). "South India's unique Navaratri tradition: when gods travel to Kerala". Onmanorama.
  47. ^ "The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Nagercoil News : Navaratri : Suchindram temple deity taken to Padmanabhapuram Palace". The Hindu. 11 October 2015.
  48. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram ready to welcome Navratri idols from Tamil Nadu". Onmanorama.
  49. ^ "Bus stand". Nagercoil Corporation. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  50. ^ "50 Departures from Nagercoil SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry". indiarailinfo.com. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  51. ^ "23 Departures from Nagercoil Town SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry". indiarailinfo.com. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  52. ^ "Sports Authority of India sub-centre coming up near Nagercoil". The Hindu. 13 February 2004.[dead link]
  53. ^ "Regional Centres".
  54. ^ "City may lose SAI sub-centre to Nagercoil". The New Indian Express.
  55. ^ "SDAT Nagercoil". SDAT.
  56. ^ "NFC FENCING". nagercoilfencingclub.
  57. ^ web|url=http://www.districtclubnagercoil.com/

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Nagercoil is the anglicized spelling in British English, and Nāgar-kōvil is the romanized spelling from Tamil script.
[edit]
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