Basilosauridae

Basilosauridae; Temporal range: 43–33.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Lutetian to Priabonian
	Skull of the genus Saghacetus.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Infraorder:	Cetacea
Family:	†Basilosauridae; Cope 1868
Genera
	See text

Basilosauridae is a family of extinct cetaceans. They lived during the middle to the early late Eocene and are known from all continents, including Antarctica.^[1]^[2] They were probably the first fully aquatic cetaceans.^[3]^[4] The group is noted to be a paraphyletic assemblage of stem group whales^[5] from which the monophyletic Neoceti are derived.^[6]

Characteristics

Basilosaurids ranged in size from 4 to 16 m (13 to 52 ft) and were fairly similar to modern cetaceans in overall body form and function.^[7] Some genera tend to show signs of convergent evolution with mosasaurs by having long serpentine body shape, which suggests that this body plan seems to have been rather successful.^[8] Basilosaurid forelimbs have broad and fan-shaped scapulae attached to a humerus, radius, and ulna which are flattened into a plane to which the elbow joint was restricted, effectively making pronation and supination impossible. Because of a shortage of forelimb fossils from other archaeocetes, it is not known if this arrangement is unique to basilosaurids, as some of the characteristics are also seen in Georgiacetus.^[3]

As archaeocetes, Basilosaurids lacked the telescoping skull of present whales. Their jaws were powerful,^[9] with a dentition easily distinguishable from that of other archaeocetes: they lack upper third molars and the upper molars lack protocones, trigon basins, and lingual third roots. The cheek teeth have well-developed accessory denticles.

Unlike modern whales, basilosaurids possessed small hindlimbs with well defined femur, lower leg and feet. They were, however, very small and did not articulate with the vertebral column, which also lack true sacral vertebrae.^[3] While they were unable to support body weight on land, they might have assisted as claspers during copulation.^[10] Analysis of tail vertebrate from Basilosaurus and Dorudon indicate they possessed small flukes.^[11]

Taxonomy

Basilosaurinae was proposed as a subfamily containing two genera: Basilosaurus and Basiloterus.^[12] They were characterized by elongated distal thoracic vertebrae, lumbar, and proximal sacrococcygeal. All known members of the subfamily are larger than their relatives of the Dorudontinae subfamily except Cynthiacetus.

Size

Basilosaurids have a diverse range of sizes. Tutcetus rayanensis, the smallest member, is about 2.51-2.55 meters (8 feet 3 inches - 8 feet 4 inches) long and weighs around 180.4-187.1 kilograms (398-412 pounds).^[13] On the other hand, Basilosaurus cetoides is impressively long, reaching approximately 18 meters.^[14] The largest known basilosaurid, Perucetus colossus, is believed to be even bigger, with a length of about 17–20 metres (56–66 ft) and possibly comparable to, if not larger than, the modern blue whale in terms of weight,^[15] though other researchers argue that it was much lighter.^[16]^[17]

Systematics

Family Basilosauridae
- - Genus Perucetus
  - Genus Tutcetus
- Subfamily Basilosaurinae
  - Genus Basilosaurus
  - Genus Basiloterus
- Subfamily Dorudontinae
  - Genus Ancalecetus
  - Genus Chrysocetus
  - Genus Cynthiacetus
  - Genus Dorudon
  - Genus Masracetus
  - Genus Ocucajea
  - Genus Saghacetus
  - Genus Stromerius
  - Genus Supayacetus
  - Genus Zygorhiza
- Subfamily Pachycetinae
  - Genus Pachycetus
  - Genus Antaecetus

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Basilosauridae in the Paleobiology Database
^ Fostowicz-Frelik 2003
^ ^a ^b ^c Uhen 2002
^ Buono M, Fordyce R.E., Marx F.G., Fernández M.S. & Reguero M. (2019). "Eocene Antarctica: a window into the earliest history of modern whales". Advances in Polar Science 30(3): p. 293-302. doi:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0005
^ Lloyd, G. T.; Slater, G. J. (2021). "A total-group phylogenetic metatree for Cetacea and the importance of fossil data in diversification analyses". Systematic Biology. 70 (5): 922–939. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syab002. PMID 33507304.
^ Davydenko, S.; Shevchenko, T.; Ryabokon, T.; Tretiakov, R.; Gol’din, P. (2021). "A Giant Eocene Whale from Ukraine Uncovers Early Cetacean Adaptations to the Fully Aquatic Life". Evolutionary Biology. 48 (1): 67–80. doi:10.1007/s11692-020-09524-8. S2CID 230110031.
^ Uhen M. (2004). "Form, Function, and Anatomy of Dorudon Atrox (Mammalia, Cetacea): An Archaeocete from the Middle to Late Eocene of Egypt". Papers on Paleontology 34: p. 1-222
^ Oceans of Kansas: a Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press. 2005. ISBN 9780253345479.
^ Snively E, Fahlke J.M. & Welsh R.C. (2015). "Bone-Breaking Bite Force of Basilosaurus isis (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Eocene of Egypt Estimated by Finite Element Analysis". PLOS ONE 10(2): e0118380
^ Gingerich P.D., Smith B.H., Simons E.L. (1990). "Hind limbs of eocene basilosaurus: evidence of feet in whales". Science 249(4965): p. 154–157. doi:10.1126/science.249.4965.154
^ Philip D. Gingerich, Mohammed Sameh M. Antar und Iyad S. Zalmot: "Aegicetus gehennae, a new late Eocene protocetid (Cetacea, Archaeoceti) from Wadi Al Hitan, Egypt, and the transition to tail-powered swimming in whales". PLoS ONE 14(12): e0225391 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225391
^ Basilosauridae in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved July 2013.
^ Antar, Mohammed S.; Gohar, Abdullah S.; El-Desouky, Heba; Seiffert, Erik R.; El-Sayed, Sanaa; Claxton, Alexander G.; Sallam, Hesham M. (10 August 2023). "A diminutive new basilosaurid whale reveals the trajectory of the cetacean life histories during the Eocene". Communications Biology. 6: 1–12. doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04986-w. PMC 10415296.
^ Smith, Kathlyn M.; Hastings, Alexander K.; Bebej, Ryan M.; Uhen, Mark D. (March 2022). "Biogeographic, stratigraphic, and environmental distribution of Basilosaurus (Mammalia, Cetacea) in North America with a review of the late Eocene shoreline in the southeastern coastal plain". Journal of Paleontology. 96 (2): 439–451. doi:10.1017/jpa.2021.90.
^ Bianucci, Giovanni; Lambert, Olivier; Urbina, Mario; Merella, Marco; Collareta, Alberto; Bennion, Rebecca; Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo; Benites-Palomino, Aldo; Post, Klaas; de Muizon, Christian; Bosio, Giulia; Di Celma, Claudio; Malinverno, Elisa; Pierantoni, Pietro Paolo; Villa, Igor Maria; Amson, Eli (August 2023). "A heavyweight early whale pushes the boundaries of vertebrate morphology". Nature. 620 (7975): 824–829. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06381-1. ISSN 1476-4687.
^ Motani, R.; Pyenson, N. D. (2024). "Downsizing a heavyweight: factors and methods that revise weight estimates of the giant fossil whale Perucetus colossus". PeerJ. 12. e16978. doi:10.7717/peerj.16978. PMC 10909350.
^ Zimmer, Carl (29 February 2024). "Researchers Dispute Claim That Ancient Whale Was Heaviest Animal Ever - A new study argues that Perucetus, an ancient whale species, was certainly big, but not as big as today's blue whales". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.

References

Cope, Edward Drinker (1868). "An addition to the vertebrate fauna of the Miocene period, with a synopsis of the extinct Cetacea of the United States". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 19 (4): 138–57. JSTOR 4059641. OCLC 4909181381.
Fostowicz-Frelik, Łucja (2003). "An enigmatic whale tooth from the Upper Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica" (PDF). Polish Polar Research. 24 (1): 13–28. doi:10.1002/jmor.20075. PMID 22965565. S2CID 2617769.
Gingerich, Philip D (2007). "Stromerius nidensis, new archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Upper Eocene Qasr El-Sagha Formation, Fayum, Egypt" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 31 (13): 363–78. OCLC 214233870.
Uhen, Mark D (2002). "Basilosaurids". In Perrin, William R; Wiirsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J G M (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 78–81. ISBN 978-0-12-551340-1.
Uhen, Mark D. (2013). "A review of North American Basilosauridae". Alabama Museum of Natural History Bulletin. 31 (2): 1–45.

[Paleodb-1] Basilosauridae in the Paleobiology Database

[2] Fostowicz-Frelik 2003

[Uhen-2002-3] Uhen 2002

[Buono_et.al.2019-4] Buono M, Fordyce R.E., Marx F.G., Fernández M.S. & Reguero M. (2019). "Eocene Antarctica: a window into the earliest history of modern whales". Advances in Polar Science 30(3): p. 293-302. doi:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0005

[totalgroup2021-5] Lloyd, G. T.; Slater, G. J. (2021). "A total-group phylogenetic metatree for Cetacea and the importance of fossil data in diversification analyses". Systematic Biology. 70 (5): 922–939. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syab002. PMID 33507304.

[Davydenko2021-6] Davydenko, S.; Shevchenko, T.; Ryabokon, T.; Tretiakov, R.; Gol’din, P. (2021). "A Giant Eocene Whale from Ukraine Uncovers Early Cetacean Adaptations to the Fully Aquatic Life". Evolutionary Biology. 48 (1): 67–80. doi:10.1007/s11692-020-09524-8. S2CID 230110031.

[7] Uhen M. (2004). "Form, Function, and Anatomy of Dorudon Atrox (Mammalia, Cetacea): An Archaeocete from the Middle to Late Eocene of Egypt". Papers on Paleontology 34: p. 1-222

[8] Oceans of Kansas: a Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press. 2005. ISBN 9780253345479.

[Snively_et.al_2015-9] Snively E, Fahlke J.M. & Welsh R.C. (2015). "Bone-Breaking Bite Force of Basilosaurus isis (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Eocene of Egypt Estimated by Finite Element Analysis". PLOS ONE 10(2): e0118380

[Gingerich_et.al._1990-10] Gingerich P.D., Smith B.H., Simons E.L. (1990). "Hind limbs of eocene basilosaurus: evidence of feet in whales". Science 249(4965): p. 154–157. doi:10.1126/science.249.4965.154

[Gingerich2019-11] Philip D. Gingerich, Mohammed Sameh M. Antar und Iyad S. Zalmot: "Aegicetus gehennae, a new late Eocene protocetid (Cetacea, Archaeoceti) from Wadi Al Hitan, Egypt, and the transition to tail-powered swimming in whales". PLoS ONE 14(12): e0225391 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225391

[Paleodb-42936-12] Basilosauridae in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved July 2013.

[13] Antar, Mohammed S.; Gohar, Abdullah S.; El-Desouky, Heba; Seiffert, Erik R.; El-Sayed, Sanaa; Claxton, Alexander G.; Sallam, Hesham M. (10 August 2023). "A diminutive new basilosaurid whale reveals the trajectory of the cetacean life histories during the Eocene". Communications Biology. 6: 1–12. doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04986-w. PMC 10415296.

[14] Smith, Kathlyn M.; Hastings, Alexander K.; Bebej, Ryan M.; Uhen, Mark D. (March 2022). "Biogeographic, stratigraphic, and environmental distribution of Basilosaurus (Mammalia, Cetacea) in North America with a review of the late Eocene shoreline in the southeastern coastal plain". Journal of Paleontology. 96 (2): 439–451. doi:10.1017/jpa.2021.90.

[15] Bianucci, Giovanni; Lambert, Olivier; Urbina, Mario; Merella, Marco; Collareta, Alberto; Bennion, Rebecca; Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo; Benites-Palomino, Aldo; Post, Klaas; de Muizon, Christian; Bosio, Giulia; Di Celma, Claudio; Malinverno, Elisa; Pierantoni, Pietro Paolo; Villa, Igor Maria; Amson, Eli (August 2023). "A heavyweight early whale pushes the boundaries of vertebrate morphology". Nature. 620 (7975): 824–829. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06381-1. ISSN 1476-4687.

[16] Motani, R.; Pyenson, N. D. (2024). "Downsizing a heavyweight: factors and methods that revise weight estimates of the giant fossil whale Perucetus colossus". PeerJ. 12. e16978. doi:10.7717/peerj.16978. PMC 10909350.

[17] Zimmer, Carl (29 February 2024). "Researchers Dispute Claim That Ancient Whale Was Heaviest Animal Ever - A new study argues that Perucetus, an ancient whale species, was certainly big, but not as big as today's blue whales". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.

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