James H. Salisbury
James H. Salisbury | |
|---|---|
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| Born | October 13, 1823 Scott, New York, U.S. |
| Died | August 23, 1905 (aged 81) Dobbs Ferry, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute |
| Occupation | Physician |
| Known for | Inventor of the Salisbury steak |
| Medical career | |
| Institutions | New York Geological Survey |
| Sub-specialties | Chemistry |
James Henry Salisbury (October 13, 1823 – August 23, 1905) was an American physician and the inventor of the Salisbury steak. He was an early proponent of the germ theory of disease.[1]
Early life
[edit]Salisbury was born in Scott, New York, in 1823. He earned a Bachelor of Natural Sciences degree from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1844. He joined the New York Geological Survey as an assistant chemist, was promoted in 1849 to principal chemist, and remained in this position until 1852. He earned his medical degree from Albany Medical College in 1850, and a Master's degree from Union College in 1852. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1862.[2]
Career
[edit]From 1849 to 1865 he wrote many articles which he attempted to demonstrate that various contagious diseases and infections were produced by germs.[1]
Salisbury served as a physician during the American Civil War, and became convinced that diarrhea suffered by the troops could be controlled with a diet of coffee and lean chopped beefsteak.
Salisbury conducted early investigations into the connection between diet and health. He posited that certain dietary choices could impact well-being.[3] He believed vegetables and starchy foods produced poisonous substances in the digestive system which were responsible for heart disease, tumors, mental illness and tuberculosis. He believed that human dentition demonstrated that humans were meant to eat meat, and sought to limit vegetables, fruit, starches, and fats to one-third of the diet.[4]
The Salisbury steak, his means of achieving this goal, is ground beef flavored with onion and seasoning and then broiled[5] and covered with gravy or brown sauce. It was introduced in 1888. Salisbury saw beef as an excellent defense against many different physical problems. He suggested that Salisbury steak should be eaten three times a day, with much hot water to cleanse the digestive system. He was an early American proponent of a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss, and he promoted his diet for that purpose. His diet became known as the "Salisbury diet". It has been described as an early example of a fad diet.[6][7] The Salisbury diet was promoted by Elma Stuart in her book What Must I do to Get Well?, that went through at least 32 editions.[8]
Salisbury steak is similar to a number of other dishes made of ground beef. Its name caught on partly because World War I inspired a movement in English-speaking nations to avoid German-sounding terms such as "hamburger".
Death
[edit]Salisbury died aged 81 at his country home in Dobbs Ferry, New York[9] and was buried at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.[10]
Publications
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Clummer, Clyde, L. (1950). "Dr. James H. Salisbury and the Salisbury Diet". Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 59 (4): 352–370.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
- ^ Bramen, Lisa. (2011). "Salisbury Steak: Civil War Health Food". Smithsonian. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
- ^ Akis, Eric. (2017). "The original low-carb diet". Times Colonist. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
- ^ Salisbury, James. (1888)
- ^ Grimes, William. (2004). Eating Your Words: 2000 Words to Tease Your Taste Buds. Oxford University Press. p. 249. ISBN 0-19-517406-2
- ^ Veit, Helen Zoe. (2015). Modern Food, Moral Food: Self-Control, Science, and the Rise of Modern American Eating in the Early Twentieth Century. University of North Carolina Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-4696-0770-2
- ^ "Elma Stuart". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
- ^ "Death List of a Day: Dr. James H. Salisbury" (PDF), The New York Times, New York, New York, August 24, 1905
- ^ Vigil, Vicki Blum (2007). Cemeteries of Northeast Ohio: Stones, Symbols & Stories. Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59851-025-6
Further reading
[edit]- Morris Fishbein. (1951). Dr. James H. Salisbury, Salisbury steak or hamburger, and the Salisbury diet. Postgraduate Medical Journal 10 (3): 256-257.
- Terence McLaughlin. (1978). A Diet of Tripe: The Chequered History of Food Reform. David & Charles.
- Elma Stuart. (1889). What Must I Do to Get Well?: And How Can I Keep So?: An Exposition of the Salisbury Treatment. W. A. Kellogg.
- The History of Salisbury Steak and Central New York. (2019). Exploring Upstate
External links
[edit]
Media related to James H. Salisbury at Wikimedia Commons- Works by or about James H. Salisbury at the Internet Archive
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
- 1823 births
- 1905 deaths
- 19th-century American physicians
- Albany Medical College alumni
- American Civil War surgeons
- Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
- Low-carbohydrate diet advocates
- Members of the American Antiquarian Society
- People from Scott, New York
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
- Physicians from New York (state)