Silas Marner
 Title page of the first edition, 1861 | |
| Author | George Eliot |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Publisher | William Blackwood and Sons |
Publication date | 1861 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Preceded by | The Mill on the Floss |
| Followed by | Romola |
Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe is the third novel by English author George Eliot, pen name of Mary Ann Evans. It was published in 1861. An outwardly simple tale of a linen weaver, the novel is notable for its strong realism and its sophisticated treatment of a variety of issues ranging from religion to industrialisation to community.
Plot summary
[edit]The novel is set in the early years of the 19th century. Silas Marner, a weaver, is a member of a small Calvinist congregation in Lantern Yard, a slum street in Northern England. He is falsely accused of stealing the congregation's funds while watching over the very ill deacon. Two pieces of evidence implicate Silas: a pocket knife, and the discovery of the bag formerly containing the money in his own house. There is the strong suggestion that Silas's best friend, William Dane, has framed him, since Silas had lent his pocket knife to William shortly before the crime was committed. Lots are drawn in the belief – also shared by Silas – that God will direct the process and establish the truth, but they indicate that Silas is guilty. The woman Silas was to marry breaks their engagement and marries William instead. With his life shattered, his trust in God lost, and his heart broken, Silas leaves Lantern Yard and the city for a rural area where he is unknown.
Silas travels south to the Midlands and settles near the rural village of Raveloe in Warwickshire where he lives isolated and alone, choosing to have only minimal contact with the residents beyond his work as a linen weaver. He devotes himself wholeheartedly to his craft and comes to adore the gold coins he earns and hoards from his weaving.
One foggy night, Silas's two bags of gold are stolen by Dunstan ("Dunsey") Cass, a dissolute younger son of Squire Cass, the town's leading landowner. On discovering the theft, Silas sinks into a deep depression despite the villagers' attempts to aid him. Dunsey immediately disappears, but the community makes little of this disappearance since he has vanished several times before.
Godfrey Cass, Dunsey's elder brother, also harbours a secret past. He is married to, but estranged from, Molly Farren, an opium-addicted working-class woman living in another town. This secret prevents Godfrey from marrying Nancy Lammeter, a young middle-class woman. On a winter's night, Molly tries to make her way to Squire Cass's New Year's Eve party with her two-year-old girl to announce that she is Godfrey's wife. On the way, she collapses in the snow and loses consciousness. The child wanders into Silas's house. Silas follows the child's tracks in the snow and discovers the woman dead. When he goes to the party for help, Godfrey heads outdoors to the scene of the accident, but resolves to tell no one that Molly was his wife. Molly's death, conveniently for Godfrey and Nancy, puts an end to the marriage.
Silas keeps the child and names her Eppie, after his deceased mother and sister, both named Hephzibah. Eppie changes Silas's life completely. Silas has been robbed of his material gold, but thinks that he has it returned to him symbolically in the form of the golden-haired child. Godfrey Cass is now free to marry Nancy, but continues to conceal the fact of his previous marriage—and child—from her. However, he aids Marner in caring for Eppie with occasional financial gifts. More practical help and support in bringing up the child is provided by Dolly Winthrop, Marner's kindly neighbour. Dolly's help and advice assist Marner not only in bringing up Eppie, but also in integrating them into village society.
Sixteen years pass, and Eppie grows up to be the pride of the village. She has a strong bond with Silas, who through her has found a place in the rural society and a purpose in life. Meanwhile, Godfrey and Nancy mourn their own childless state, after the death of their baby. Eventually, the skeleton of Dunstan Cass—still clutching Silas's gold—is found at the bottom of the stone quarry near Silas's home, and the money is duly returned to Silas. Shocked by this revelation, and coming to the realisation of his own conscience, Godfrey confesses to Nancy that Molly was his first wife and that Eppie is his child. They offer to raise her as a gentleman's daughter, but this would mean Eppie would have to forsake living with Silas. Eppie politely but firmly refuses, saying, "I can't think o' no happiness without him."
Silas revisits Lantern Yard, but his old neighbourhood has been "swept away" in the intervening years; the place is now replaced by a large factory. No one seems to know what happened to Lantern Yard's inhabitants. However, Silas contentedly resigns himself to the fact that he will never know and now leads a happy existence among his self-made family and friends. In the end, Eppie marries a local boy she has grown up with, Dolly's son Aaron, and they move into Silas's house, which has been newly improved courtesy of Godfrey. Silas's actions through the years in caring for Eppie have apparently provided joy for everyone, and the extended family celebrates its happiness.
Characters
[edit]
- Silas Marner: lower class by birth, a weaver who is betrayed at Lantern Yard (site of a dissenting sect) by his treacherous friend William Dane, moves away to Raveloe (where the community is Church of England), becomes taken for a miser, as he accumulates a small fortune, only to have it stolen by Dunstan Cass. After these misfortunes, he gradually finds his happiness and virtue by the arrival of young Eppie (biological daughter of Godfrey Cass) whom he raises as his adopted child. Eppie turns out to be a beautiful girl and it is decided later that she will marry Aaron Winthrop.
- Squire Cass: Lord of the Manor of Raveloe and host of the party on the night when Eppie comes into Silas's life.
- Godfrey Cass: upper class by birth but troubled over money, eldest son of the local squire, who is blackmailed by his dissolute brother Dunstan over his secret first marriage to Molly. When Molly dies, he feels relief, and escapes punishment for his betrayal and deceit, instead marrying Nancy.
- Dunstan Cass: second son of the local squire. He blackmails his older brother, until he disappears. He steals Silas's gold after accidentally killing his older brother's horse Wildfire. Many years pass before his corpse is found in a newly drained pit.
- Molly Farren: Godfrey's first (and secret) wife, who has a child by him; an opium addict; lower class, impoverished. She dies in the attempt to reveal to the community her relationship with Godfrey, leaving the child, Eppie, to wander into Silas's life.
- Eppie (Hephzibah): daughter of Molly and Godfrey, who is named by and cared for by Silas after the death of her mother. Mischievous in her early years, she grows into a radiant and beautiful young girl, devoted to her adoptive father.
- Nancy Cass (née Lammeter): Godfrey Cass's second wife, a morally and socially respectable young woman, admired by her husband but deceived by him as regards his past.
- Priscilla Lammeter: Nancy's plain, unmarried older sister, who supports Nancy and their father.
- Aaron Winthrop: son of Dolly, who marries Eppie at the end of the novel and is considered a happy match for her.
- Dolly Winthrop: mother to Aaron, wife of Ben; godmother to Eppie. Sympathetic to Silas and offers him practical support in raising the child.
- Ben Winthrop: wheelwright, largely invisible in the novel.
- Mr Snell, landlord of the Rainbow Inn, Raveloe.
- William Dane: William Dane is Silas's former best friend at Lantern Yard. At the start of the novel, William betrays Silas by framing him for theft and marrying Silas's fiancée Sarah.
- Sarah: Silas's fiancée in Lantern Yard, who subsequently marries his treacherous friend William Dane.
- Mr Macey: the clerk at the local church, a tailor, very elderly by the end of the novel.
- Solomon Macey: Mr Macey's brother, a talented violinist.
- Mr Crackenthorpe: rector of Raveloe and a justice of the peace.
- Bob Lundy: the butcher of Raveloe.
- John Dowlas: the farrier of Raveloe.
- Jem Rodney: a local poacher, initially suspected by Silas of stealing his money.
- Mrs Kimble: the sister of Squire Cass, and the doctor's wife, thus considered a double dignitary.
- Dr Kimble: the doctor of Raveloe, who attends when Molly is found dead.
- Bob Cass: the Squire's youngest son.
- Sally Oates: the wife of the town cobbler, who suffers from heart problems and dropsy. Silas gives her some herbal medicine that cures her, but also attracts unwanted attention from people who think he has magical powers.
- Mr. Tookey: the assistant tailor and deputy clerk of the parish in Raveloe. He is young and insecure, and often the target of jokes and sarcasm from the other villagers. He tends to lose his temper when people do not take him seriously.
Analysis
[edit]Lawrence Jay Dessner has drawn connections between the biographical circumstances of Eliot's life in relation to events in the novel.[1] Bruce K. Martin has discussed Eliot's use of Godfrey Cass as "both parallel and foil" to Silas Marner in the structure of the novel.[2] Fred C. Thomson has examined the multiple levels of the idea of alienation in the novel.[3] Joseph Wiesenfarth has noted undercurrents of myth and legend, incorporated into a 'realistic' context, along with contrasts of responsible and irresponsible behaviour in the contrasting fates of Silas Marner and the Cass brothers.[4] David Sonstroem has studied ideas of chance and Darwinian thinking in the context of the plot and character fates in the novel.[5] Susan Stewart has looked at the influence of folktales and ideology related to 'work' vs 'labour' in the novel.[6] Ian Milner has examined two overarching themes of Silas Marner's 'loss and recovery of his humanity', and of a conflict between stated moral values and the social realities juxtaposed with them.[7] Robert H. Dunham has analysed the influence of the ideas and philosophy of William Wordsworth on the novel.[8] Brian Swann has examined mythic and religious undertones in the novel.[9] Jeff Nunokawa analyses ideas about physical touch, with respect to Silas Marner's handling of his gold compared to his raising of Eppie, and connects them to sexual and sensual themes.[10] Kate E. Brown has discussed overarching themes of time and temporality, with respect to the interlocked stories of Godfrey Cass and Silas Marner.[11]
Adaptations
[edit]- At least five film adaptations of Silas Marner were released during the silent film era, including the following:
- Silas Marner (Thanhouser Film Corporation, USA; 31 March 1911) with Frank Hall Crane in the title role.[12]
- Le Noël de Silas Marner (Pathé Frères, France; November 1912) (UK; 27 November 1912; as Silas Marner's Christmas).[13]
- Silas Marner (Edison Company, USA; 24 October 1913) with William Langdon West in the title role.[14]
- Silas Marner (Thanhouser Film Corporation, USA; 19 February 1916) with Frederick Warde in the title role.[15][16]
- Silas Marner (Associated Exhibitors, USA; May 1922) (UK; 25 January 1926) with Crauford Kent in the title role.[17]
- The actor Michael Williams played Marner in a Focus on the Family Radio Theatre two-part adaptation for radio; this was to be the last acting role before his death.[citation needed] The production also featured Edward Woodward, Jenny Agutter, Alex Jennings and Timothy Bateson and has subsequently been re-broadcast on BBC Radio 7.
- W. S. Gilbert's play Dan'l Druce, Blacksmith (1876) takes its initial situation—the arrival of a child in a miser's life—from Silas Marner (as noted in the libretto), and has a somewhat similar ending, although the middle section is entirely new.[18][19]
- The 1954 Indian film Bangaru Papa, in Telugu, starring S. V. Ranga Rao and Krishna Kumari, is also based on Palagummi Padmaraju's loose adaptation of Silas Marner.[20]
- The composer John Joubert wrote an opera Silas Marner based on the novel in 1961.[21][22]
- A stage version of 'Silas Marner adapted by playwright Gerald P. Murphy was published by Lazy Bee Scripts in 2010.[23]
- The novel was adapted as Sukhdas in Hindi by the Indian writer Premchand.[24]
- Ben Kingsley played Silas Marner in a 1985 BBC adaptation (broadcast in the US in 1987 by Masterpiece Theatre), with Patsy Kensit as the grown-up Eppie.[25][26][27]
- The children's TV series Wishbone has an episode with an abridged adaptation.
- Steve Martin wrote, produced, and starred in a 1994 film adaptation of the novel, titled A Simple Twist of Fate.[28]
- A stage version of Silas Marner, containing only text from the novel, was adapted by Mark Wheeller and published by Salamander Street in 2020.[29]
General and cited references
[edit]- Realism (in Silas Marner and other novels of the era)
- John Mullan, "An introduction to Silas Marner: fairytale, realism and labour"
Citations
[edit]- ^ Dessner, Lawrence Jay (Fall 1979). "The Autobiographical Matrix of Silas Marner". Studies in the Novel. 11 (3): 251–282. JSTOR 29531981.
- ^ Martin, Bruce K (Fall 1972). "Similarity Within Dissimilarity: The Dual Structure of Silas Marner". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 14 (3): 479–489. JSTOR 40754221.
- ^ Thomson, Fred C (June 1965). "The Theme of Alienation in Silas Marner". Nineteenth-Century Fiction. 20 (1): 69–84. doi:10.2307/2932493. JSTOR 2932493.
- ^ Wiesenfarth, Joseph (June 1970). "Demythologizing Silas Marner". ELH. 37 (2): 226–244. doi:10.2307/2872399. JSTOR 2872399.
- ^ Sonstroem, David (October 1998). "The Breaks in Silas Marner". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 97 (4): 545–567. JSTOR 20057796.
- ^ Stewart, Susan (Summer 2003). "Genres of Work: The Folktale and Silas Marner". New Literary History. 34 (3): 513–533. doi:10.1353/nlh.2003.0037. JSTOR 20057796. S2CID 144288283.
- ^ Milner, Ian (Autumn 1966). "Structure and Quality in Silas Marner". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 6 (4): 717–729. doi:10.2307/449365. JSTOR 449365.
- ^ Dunham, Robert H (Autumn 1976). "Silas Marner and the Wordsworthian Child". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 16 (4): 645–659. doi:10.2307/450280. JSTOR 450280.
- ^ Swann, Brian (Spring 1976). "Silas Marner and the New Mythus". Criticism. 18 (2): 101–121. JSTOR 23100082.
- ^ Nunokawa, Jeff (Spring 1993). "The Miser's Two Bodies: Silas Marner and the Sexual Possibilities of the Commodity". Victorian Studies. 36 (3): 273–292. JSTOR 3828324.
- ^ Brown, Kate E (Spring 1999). "Loss, Revelry, and the Temporal Measures of Silas Marner: Performance, Regret, Recollection". Novel: A Forum on Fiction. 32 (2): 222–249. doi:10.2307/1346224. JSTOR 1346224.
- ^ "Silas Marner (1911)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ "SIlas Marner's Christmas (1912)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ "Silas Marner (1913)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ "Silas Marner (1916)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ Silas Marner (1916) remaining reels, Ned Thanhouser of the Thanhouser Film Corporation and Vimeo, 21 March 2011, archived from the original on 18 April 2015, retrieved 26 June 2014
- ^ "Silas Marner (1922)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ Illustrated London News. 18 November 1876, p. 476
- ^ Stedman, Jane W. (1996). W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816174-3. p. 141
- ^ Bangaru Papa in Naati 101 Chitralu, S. V. Rama Rao, Kinnera Publications, Hyderabad, 2006, pp. 109–110
- ^ "Silas Marner, John Joubert". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
- ^ John Joubert: composer; Archived 17 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ https://www.lazybeescripts.co.uk/Scripts/script.aspx?iSS=671
- ^ Nagendra (1981). Premchand: an anthology. Bansal. p. 70. OCLC 8668427.
- ^ IMDB listing; Archived 13 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2015-10-17
- ^ Masterpiece Theater database; Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2015-10-17
- ^ YouTube link; Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2015-10-17
- ^ IMDB listing; Archived 16 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2015-10-17
- ^ "Silas Marner (paperback)". Salamander Street. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
External links
[edit]
- Silas Marner at Standard Ebooks
- Silas Marner free PDF of Blackwood's 1878 Cabinet Edition (the critical standard with Eliot's final corrections) at the George Eliot Archive
- Silas Marner at Project Gutenberg
- Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe at Faded Page (Canada)
- Silas Marner PDF
Silas Marner public domain audiobook at LibriVox- Silas Marner – Stage Version
- Discussion of Silas Marner on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time
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