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Super Touring

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1996 Audi A4 Quattro BTCC

Super Touring, Class 2 or Class II was a motor racing touring car category defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) for national touring car racing in 1993.[1] It was based on the "2 litre Touring Car Formula" created for the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) in 1990.[2] The FIA organised a World Cup for the category each year from 1993 to 1995, and adopted the term super tourer from 1995.[3]

Super Touring replaced Group A as the norm in nearly every touring car championship across the world, but escalating costs, and the withdrawal of works teams caused the category to collapse in the late 1990s because of the loosely regulated aerodynamics required the team to invest resources equivalent as a professional Formula 1 team, and the 8,500 rpm speed limit required the team to use extremely unusual construction in engine modifications to allow the engine to break through more than 300 horsepower.

An example for this was the German Super Tourenwagen Cup (STW) series, which ran from 1994 to 1999, filling a void left after the end of the 2.5-litre V6-powered Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM) in 1996. In 2000, the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (keeping the "DTM" acronym) resumed with 4.0-litre V8-powered cars.

Regulations

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Renault Laguna built to Super Touring regulations competing in the British Touring Car Championship

The Super Touring cars were required to be a minimum of 4.20 metres (13.8 ft) in length, with four doors, effectively requiring a small family saloon car as a minimum. No more than 2 litres engine capacity, maximum of six cylinders were permitted, and the engine was required to be naturally aspirated. Only two wheels could be driven and steered.[4] For homologation, initially at least 2500 units of the model used must have been produced. In 1995, in a bid to counter the increasing numbers of homologation specials, this number was increased to at least 25,000 units.[5]

There was no restriction on body size and doors until 1993, when it was changed to only allow cars with a minimum of four doors and no smaller than the Euro NCAP 'Small Family Car' class, although 'Large Family Car' tends to dominate the category. Until 1995, teams were only permitted to fit aerodynamic device that were available through dealers, but that changed when, in 1994 BTCC season, Alfa Romeo entered a 155 with Gabriele Tarquini and Giampiero Simoni as drivers. The car had a front spoiler with a bottom piece that could be unscrewed and moved forward, acting as a splitter, and a rear spoiler with a pair of extensions, giving the car more downforce. When Alfa Romeo won the first five rounds, Ford, supported by Vauxhall, made a complaint to the race stewards. TOCA soon decided the aero devices were illegal and Alfa Romeo were stripped of the points they earned at Snetterton and Silverstone (although this decision was later reversed by appeal) and in return, walked out from the Oulton Park race. After this, Alfa were forced to run their spoilers in the retracted position (the position in which the spoilers were fitted on the road going version, the Alfa 155 Silverstone – of which only 2,500 cars were homologated to allow the use of the aerodynamic devices and higher rev limits for a 1.8-litre car – though the road car was sold with two unfitted spoiler extension brackets). In the meantime, Renault and BMW responded by introducing their own limited edition road cars (Laguna Airflow and 318is, respectively) to enable them to run with oversized aerodynamic aids; Renault would win the Oulton Park race that Alfa Romeo had walked out. Soon after that, the FIA changed the regulation in all series to increase minimum number of produced road cars for homologation to 25,000, and allowing cars to only use non-production aerodynamic devices with a restricted size.

Restrictions varied depending on body type, with Volvo having to revert from the 850 Estate to their four-door saloon model the following season when they found themselves to be disadvantaged by the new rules. In the Italian Supertourismo category, teams entered extended spoilers without complaints.

Some series however, would change the rules to suit crowd demands and competition from rival series. One example was the Japanese Touring Car Championship (JTCC), which made increases to body width and exhaust noise while restricting front aerodynamic devices in 1997 (which allowed Toyota to use the larger Toyota Chaser); it ultimately backfired when Nissan and Honda left the series at the end of the season, leaving Toyota as the only manufacturer that competed. In 1999, a new formula using spaceframe cars came to nothing, and the series was abandoned altogether, as by then Japan's big three all had works entries in the then-JGTC.

In Australia, the series began in 1993 when the Group A regulations for the Australian Touring Car Championship series was replaced by Supercars Group 3A Formula (known as V8 Supercars from 1997 onwards) and Super Touring. The advent of a new management structure and telecast arrangement for V8 Supercars put them in conflict with Bathurst 1000 organisers. Super Touring were offered the chance to compete at Bathurst after race organisers could not come to terms with V8 Supercars. Bathurst City Council and V8 Supercars came to a separate arrangement to host their own breakaway "Australian 1000 Classic" race. Super Touring did not become a viable option, and the third and final race was transformed into a motorsport carnival, with several categories attending and the Super Touring event halved to 500 kilometres (310 mi), before collapsing in the aftermath of the 1999 race. In 2000, in the absence of a rival, the V8 Supercars event took up the Bathurst 1000 name.

During the Super Touring's long run, the category suffered two fatal accidents. In 1995, Gregg Hansford at Phillip Island, and Kieth O'dor at Avus, were involved in fatal accidents as a result of a broken neck caused by their cars' being hit side-on. Soon after, rollcages in competition cars with built-in side impact bars, and seats with head restraints on the side would become mandatory.

One reason for Super Touring's demise was the cost of preparing a car for competition. In 1990, a Vauxhall Cavalier cost £60,000. By the later part of the 90s a similar car with more sophisticated aerodynamics device and telemetry cost £250,000.[citation needed]

The later World Touring Car Championship Super 2000 regulations were inspired by the Super Touring regulations, with production-based four-door saloons powered by 2.0-litre engines. Wider wheel arches are allowed, which makes the cars look sportier. Cars under Super 2000 regulations were cheaper than their predecessors, to which serious modifications had to be made to allow for wider tires, lower ride height and different suspension. As the width of Super 2000 cars does not need to be the same as that of the production models, development costs can be kept lower. Various national championships use similar rules.

Although it bears no resemblance to its predecessor, the "Super Touring" name was retained by the Championnat de France de Supertourisme for their 3.0-litre tube frame cars.

List of championships that used the Super Touring formula

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Major championships that used the Super Touring formula
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
British Touring Car Championship
Championnat de France de Supertourisme
Italian Superturismo Championship
Touring Car World Cup
Copa de las Naciones
Japanese Touring Car Championship
Super Tourenwagen Cup
Belgian Procar Championship
Swedish Touring Car Championship
Campeonato de España de Turismos
Portuguese Touring Car Championship
Central European Supertouring Car Championship
South African Touring Car Championship
Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship South East Asian Touring Car Challenge
Australian Super Touring Championship
New Zealand Touring Car Championship
North American Touring Car Championship
European Touring Car Championship
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

List of Supertouring homologated cars

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Country Marque Model Type No. Start End
 Italy Alfa Romeo 155 M.Y. 1994 ST-7 1 March 1994 31 December 2002
M.Y. 1995 ST-9 1 March 1995 31 December 2003
156 M.Y. 1997 ST-37 1 January 1998 1 January 1998
M.Y. 1998 ST-43 1 November 1998 31 December 2005
 Germany Audi 80 B4 ST-6 1 March 1995 31 December 2003
A4 B5 M.Y. 1995 ST-17 1 April 1995 31 December 2008
B5 M.Y. 1996 ST-28 1 April 1996 31 December 2008
 Germany BMW E36 318is ST-8 1 March 1995 31 December 2004
 United States Chrysler Stratus base ST-30 1 April 1996 31 December 2004
 United Kingdom Ford Mondeo Mk I 4Door ST-19 1 April 1995 31 December 2002
Mk I 5Door ST-20 1 April 1995 31 December 2002
Mk II 4Door M.Y. 1997 ST-34 1 March 1997 31 December 2004
Mk III Zetec ST-45 1 March 1999 31 December 2006
 United Kingdom Honda Accord (fifth generation) LS CC756 ST-1 1 March 1995 31 December 2002
Accord (sixth generation) LS CE856 ST-33 1 March 1997 31 December 2004
CG ST-46 1 March 1999 31 December 2006
 Japan Honda Civic (fifth generation) Ferio 4Door ST-11 1 April 1995 31 December 2002
 Japan Mazda Lantis Coupe 2.0 ST-4 1 March 1995 31 December 2002
Xedos 6 1.0 ST-5 1 March 1995 31 December 2002
 Japan Nissan Primera HP10 ST-21 1 April 1995 31 December 2002
HP11 ST-29 1 April 1996 31 December 2006
Pulsar FN14 ST-10 1 April 1995 31 December 2006
Sunny FB14 ST-23 1 October 1995 31 December 2006
 United Kingdom Primera P11 ST-48 1 January 2000 31 December 2006
 Germany Opel Astra F[broken anchor] ST-16 1 April 1995 31 December 2004
Vectra ST-27 1 December 1995 31 December 2006
A ST-15 1 April 1995 31 December 2004
CD ST-39 1 April 1998 31 December 2006
GL Plus ST-40 1 April 1998 31 December 2006
 France Peugeot 405 Signature ST-13 1 April 1995 31 December 2003
406 ST-31 1 April 1996 31 December 2003
M.Y. 1998 ST-38 1 April 1998 31 December 2005
 France Renault Laguna I B56 ST-14 1 April 1995 31 December 2002
B56 M.Y. 1998 ST-38 1 April 1998 31 December 2005
 Spain SEAT Toledo GT ST-22 1 August 1995 31 December 2002
 Japan Toyota Camry SXV11 ST-26 1 January 1996 31 December 2005
Carina E ST191 ST-2 1 March 1995 31 December 2005
Chaser JZX100 ST-47 1 May 1999 31 December 2006
Corolla AE101 ST-3 1 January 1995 31 December 2002
AE110 ST-25 1 January 1996 31 December 2003
Liftback EE111 5Door ST-42 1 July 1998 31 December 2006
Corona EXiV ST202 ST-24 1 October 1995 31 December 2005
 Germany Vauxhall Vectra ST-36 1 November 1997 31 December 2004
 Sweden Volvo 850 T5 Estate ST-12 2 April 1995 1 January 2006
T5 Sedan ST-18 2 April 1995 1 January 2006
S40 ST-32 2 January 1997 1 January 2006
M.Y. 1999 ST-44 2 January 1999 1 January 2007

Statistics

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Wins by manufacturer

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The table includes wins from the four most competitive series that used Super Touring regulations: British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), Japanese Touring Car Championship (JTCC), German Super Tourenwagen Cup (STW), and European Super Touring Championship (Euro STC).[6]

Manufacturer Total wins BTCC wins JTCC wins STW wins Euro STC wins
1 Germany BMW 75 32 10 28 5
2 Japan Honda 59 21 16 7 15
3 Germany Opel /
United Kingdom Vauxhall
52 29 8 15 0
4 Germany Audi 49 15 0 27 7
5 France Renault 38 38 0 0 0
5 Japan Nissan 38 25 10 2 1
7 Japan Toyota 26 8 18 0 0
8 Italy Alfa Romeo 22 9 0 1 12
9 France Peugeot 21 0 0 21 0
9 Sweden Volvo 21 21 0 0 0
9 United States Ford 21 20 0 1 0

See also

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References

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  1. ^ FIA Yearbook, 1993, Green section, page 277, Touring car technical regulations (Class II)
  2. ^ SuperTouring History : 1990 – Small Beginnings Archived 12 September 2012 at archive.today Retrieved from www.SuperTouring.co.uk on 9 December 2008
  3. ^ Automobile Year, 1994/95, page 175
  4. ^ Article 262 – Technical Regulations for Supertouring Cars (Group ST), Appendix J, FIA International Sporting Code, Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, 2001
  5. ^ BTCC Technical Regulations Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "Interview with former BTCC Star – Anthony Reid". 16 May 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
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